What major trends do we see in the British colonies from 1660-1750?◦ Increasingly centralized power◦ Later, more relaxed control over colonies◦ Stronger bonds between Britain and colonies◦ Massive population growth in colonies

Chapter 4 part 1The Growth of America

What did

America look like in the 17th

Century?

What did America look like in the 18th Century?

After 1660 – England attempts to bring colonies under more direct control – why?◦ Age of absolutism, democracy “dangerous”

(Charles II and James II) What is the response in New England?

◦ Defiance – ignored Nav. Acts, etc.◦ Punishment: NE lumped into one big mega-

colony (Dominion of New England – gov. is Sir Edmund Andros)

◦ under direct royal supervision◦ NE is ANGRY!

England and its colonies: Centralized power

William & Mary (Dutch, Protestant) take throne – bloodless coup

Effects in England:◦ Limited monarchy◦ English Bill of Rights of 1689

Effects on rest of Europe:◦ Series of wars – England vs.

Catholic France, Spain

Glorious Revolution

Impact in NE:◦ Rebellion – Andros ousted◦ William & Mary break up

Dominion of NE into former colonies◦ Mass. Kept under royal control◦ Puritans lose influence – voting rules

change

Impact in Maryland:◦ Protestant majority happy◦ Wants to be made a

royal colony (granted)◦ Anglican church becomes official religion

of MD

Glorious Revolution

What are the long-term effects on the colonies?◦ Restored rep. gov’t◦ Religious freedom for Protestants◦ Colonial elites regain traditional power◦ British empire based on voluntary allegiance, not

force◦ Colonists feel more “British”

Glorious Revolution

King William’s War (1690-97) – England vs. France (and both sides’ Indian allies)

Queen Anne’s War (1702-13) England vs. Spain Effects:

◦ Failed invasion of French Canada and Spanish Florida◦ Series of border raids (civilians targeted)◦ Iroquois nation takes major losses, splits into Pro-French

and Pro-British factions◦ Reinforced bonds between Britain and colonies

Imperial Wars

Terms:◦ 1. trade only on British ships, ◦ 2. crew at least ¾ British (colonies considered

Brit.)◦ 3. trade with foreign nations

ONLY if goods pass thru British ports first

◦ 4. certain key products can only be traded to England

Navigation Acts

Effects:◦ Made England biggest shipping empire◦ Gave some colonial planters monopolies, got

wealthy◦ Ports cities urbanized rapidly◦ Econ. in North more diversified, commercial◦ Low-cost good from Britain to colonies – colonists

live like real Britons◦ Strengthened ties economically

Navigation Acts

Where did most slaves come from?◦ West Africa

Where did they go to?◦ At first Caribbean,

Brazil, West Indies◦ later southern colonies

Conditions on slave ships?

Slave Trade

18th century – fewer immigrants Why?

◦ Employment, wages rise in England Immigrants coming from new places From where, and why?

◦ Scotland, Ireland, Germany (econ. downturns)◦ Africa (slave pop.)

Populations in British colonies

Where did new immigrants settle in 18th C.?◦ Many entered thru Philly, settled nearby in PA

Upper NY Western MD

◦ Many entered via Charleston Carolina Piedmont Appalachia Why not tidewater of VA or

low country of Carolina? No land available (planters)

Populating the British colonies in 18th Century

Limited social mobility◦ Most wealth inherited◦ Multiple kids = split inheritances◦ Much $$$ spent on mortgages, equipment◦ Farmers: supplemented incomes with other jobs

(carpentry, making fences, turpentine, etc.)◦ Women- worked in house doing vital

chores

Everyday Life for Colonists

Wealth concentrated in few hands NY – top 10% owned 45% of wealth Urban problems:

◦ High pop. density◦ Disease/sanitation◦ Death rate higher◦ age expectancy 10 yrs lower◦ Cyclical unemployment ◦ poverty

Social Stratification in Colonies

Most elite families rich before arriving in colonies Got wealthier thru farming, shipping, importing, etc. Enjoyed goods/luxuries from England (clothing esp.) Wives as hostesses Only the most wealthy had large homes Homes of “slightly” rich not much bigger than average

Colonial Elites

All colonial populations expanded in 18th century◦ Spanish colonies: 4,500 to 19,000◦ French colonies: 15,000 to 60,000◦ British colonies: from ¼ million to 1.17 million◦ British colonies grow faster than England itself in

18th century◦ Many French Protestants (Huguenots) end up in

Brit colonies

Populations in North America

North American Population, 1750

Native Americans 1.5 millionNew England 400,000Chesapeake 390,000

Pennsylvania 230,000New York 100,000

Lower South 100,000Backcountry 100,000New France 70,000

Northern New Spain 20,000

Growth & Diversity in British America

By 1770, the English colonies became much more different from New Spain & New France:◦ Population boomed 1,000% due to increased birth

rates, falling death rates, & a huge wave of non-English immigration

◦ Surging economic growth◦ New political & religious ideas

Distribution of European & African Immigrants in British North America by 1770

18th Century Immigrants 1790 census showed less than 50% of

American colonists were English; 18th Century immigration brought unprecedented diversity:◦ African slaves were largest group to immigrate ◦ The Transportation Act (1718) allowed English

judges to send convicted felons to the colonies (50,000 forcibly immigrated)

Settled areas in Colonies

1680 1755

Colonial Population Density, 1775

Native Americans By the 18th Century, the Indians in contact

with European colonists became dependent upon them:◦ For manufactured clothes, guns, & trade◦ The French had the best relationship with Indians ◦ The Spanish horse altered the culture of the Plains

Indians

New France growth:◦ Reproduction,

not immigration Louisiana:

◦ Poor, criminals, ◦ German refugees◦ Planters and slaves

French and Spanish colonies

1) Describe the life of a slave in Colonial America.

2) How were the Task System and Gang System of slavery different?

3) What did Colonies do legally to hold slaves down?

4) Describe the Stono Rebellion.

Colonial Economies and Soc.- Slavery’s Wages