chapter 4 making desisionshvh

7/29/2019 Chapter 4 Making Desisionshvh

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MAKING DESISIONS

Introduction to C++

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Relational Operators4.1


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Relational Operators

Used to compare numbers to determine

relative order

Operators:

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> Greater than

< Less than

>= Greater than or equal to


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Relational Expressions

Boolean expressionstrue or false

Examples:

12 > 5 is true

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Relational Expressions

Can be assigned to a variable:

result = x


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The if Statement4.2


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The if Statement

Allows statements to be conditionally

executed or skipped over

Models the way we mentally evaluate

situations:

"If it is raining, take an umbrella."

"If it is cold outside, wear a coat."

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Flowchart for Evaluating a Decision


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Flowchart for Evaluating a Decision

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The if Statement

General Format:

if (expression)

statement;

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if statement what happens

To evaluate:

if (expression)

statement;

If the expression is true, then

statement is executed.

If the expressionis false, then

statement is skipped.

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(Program Continues)


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Flowchart for Lines 21 and 22

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if statement notes

Do not place ; after (expression)

Place statement; on a separate line after(expression), indented:

if (score > 90)

grade = 'A';

Be careful testing floats and doubles

for equality 0 is false; any other value is true

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Flags4.3


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Flags

Variable that signals a condition

Usually implemented as a bool variable

As with other variables in functions, must beassigned an initial value before it is used

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Expanding the if Statement4.4


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Expanding the if Statement

To execute more than one statement as part of an if

statement, enclose them in { }:

if (score > 90)

{grade = 'A';

cout


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The if/else Statement4.5


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The if/else Statement

Provides two possible paths of execution

Performs one statement or block if the

expression is true, otherwise performsanother statement or block.

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The if/else Statement

General Format:

if (expression)

statement1; // or block

else


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if/else what happens

To evaluate:if (expression)

statement1;

else

statement2;

If the expression is true, then statement1 is executedand statement2 is skipped.

If the expression is false, then statement1 is skipped

and statement2 is executed.

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Flowchart for Lines 14 through 18

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(Program Continues)


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Nested if Statements4.6


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Nested ifStatements

An if statement that is nested inside another

if statement

Nested if statements can be used to test

more than one condition

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Flowchart for a Nested if Statement

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Nested if Statements

From Program 4-10

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Nested if Statements

Another example, from Program 4-11

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Use Proper Indentation!

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The if/else if

Statement

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The if/else ifStatement

Tests a series of conditions until one is found to betrue

Often simpler than using nested if/elsestatements

Can be used to model thought processes such as:

"If it is raining, take an umbrella,else, if it is windy, take a hat,else, take sunglasses

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if/else if format

if (expression)


else if (expression)


.

. // other else ifs

.

else if (expression)

statementn; // or block

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From Program 4-13

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Using a Trailing else to Catch Errors

The trailing else clause is optional, but is bestused to catch errors

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15 // Determine the letter grade.16 if (testScore < 60)

17 cout


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Menus4.8


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Menus

Menu-driven program: program execution

controlled by user selecting from a list of

actions Menu: list of choices on the screen

Menus can be implemented using if/else

if statements

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Menu-driven program organization

Display list of numbered or lettered choices for

actions

Prompt user to make selection

Test user selection in expression

if a match, then execute code for action

if not, then go on to next expression

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Logical Operators4.9


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Logical Operators

Used to create relational expressions from

other relational expressions

Operators, meaning, and explanation:

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&& AND New relational expression is true if bothexpressions are true

|| OR New relational expression is true if eitherexpression is true

! NOT Reverses the value of an expression trueexpression becomes false, and false becomestrue


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Logical Operators - examples

int x = 12, y = 5, z = -4;

(x > y) && (y > z) true

(x > y) && (z > y) false

(x


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The && Operator in Program 4-16

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The || Operator in Program 4-17

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The ! Operator in Program 4-18

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Logical Operators - notes

! has highest precedence, followed by &&,

then ||

If the value of an expression can be

determined by evaluating just the sub-

expression on left side of a logical operator,

then the sub-expression on the right side will

not be evaluated (short circuit evaluation)

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Checking Numeric Ranges

with Logical Operators

4.10

Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical


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Checking Numeric Ranges with Logical

Operators

Used to test to see if a value falls inside a range:if (grade >= 0 && grade


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Validating User Input4.11


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Validating User Input

Input validation: inspecting input data todetermine whether it is acceptable

Bad output will be produced from bad input

Can perform various tests: Range

Reasonableness

Valid menu choice

Divide by zero

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From Program 4 19


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From Program 4-19


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More About Variable

Definitions and Scope

4.12

M Ab t


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More About

Variable Definitions and Scope

Scope of a variable is the block in which it is

defined, from the point of definition to the

end of the block

Usually defined at beginning of function

May be defined close to first use

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From Program 4-21

Still M Ab t


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Still More About

Variable Definitions and Scope

Variables defined inside { } have local or

block scope

When inside a block within another block,

can define variables with the same name asin the outer block.

When in inner block, outer definition is notavailable

Not a good idea

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Comparing Strings4.13


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Comparing Strings

You cannot use relational operators with C-

strings

Must use the strcmp function to compare C-

strings

strcmp compares the ASCII codes of the

characters in the C-strings. Comparison is

character-by-character

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Comparing Strings

The expression

strcmp(str1, str2)

compares thestrings str1 and str2

It returns 0 if the strings are the same

It returns a negative number ifstr1 < str2

It returns a positive number ifstr1 > str2

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The Conditional Operator

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Can use to create short if/else statements

Format: expr ? expr : expr;

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x


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The value of a conditional expression is

The value of the second expression if the first

expression is true

The value of the third expression if the firstexpression is false

Parentheses () may be needed in an

expression due to precedence of conditionaloperator

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The switch Statement

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The switch Statement

Used to select among statements from several

alternatives

In some cases, can be used instead of

if/else ifstatements

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switch statement format

switch (expression) //integer

{

case exp1: statement1;

case exp2: statement2;

...

case expn: statementn;

default: statementn+1;}

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switch statement requirements

1) expression must be an integer variable or

an expression that evaluates to an integer

value

2) exp1 through expn must be constant

integer expressions or literals, and must be

unique in the switch statement

3) default is optional but recommended

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switch statement how it works

1) expression is evaluated

2) The value ofexpression is compared againstexp1 through expn.

3) If expression matches value expi, theprogram branches to the statement followingexpi and continues to the end of the switch

4) If no matching value is found, the program

branches to the statement after default:

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break statement

Used to exit a switch statement

If it is left out, the program "falls through" the

remaining statements in the switchstatement

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Using switch with a menu

switch statement is a natural choice for

menu-driven program:

display the menu

then, get the user's menu selection

use user input as expression in switch

statement

use menu choices as exprin case statements

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Testing for File Open Errors4.16

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Testing for File Open Errors

Can test a file stream object to detect if an openoperation failed:

infile.open("test.txt");

if (!infile){

cout


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Reading Assignment

Please Read Chapter 4 of the Gaddis book

chapter 4 making desisionshvh

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