chapter 4 housing conditions in...
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 4
HOUSING CONDITIONS IN KERALA
Kerala is a small state situated in the south west corner of
India. The state of Kerala was formed on 1st November 1956 by
uniting Travancore Cochin State and Malabar under the state’s
Reorganization Act of 1956.The population of the state was 2.91
crore in 1991 with a density of 749 persons per sq. k.M; the second
highest among the states of India,7 times the national average. With
only 1.2% of total area of India, Kerala supports according to 1991
census 3.5% of the nation’s population.The population of the state
has increased from 63.74 lakhs in 1901 to 318.41 lakhs in 2001 as
shown in the table 4.1 and figure 4.1.The total population of the state
has increased from318.41 lakh in 2001 to 333.87 lakhs in 2011. But
the rural population has decreased from 235.74 lakh to 174.55 and
urban population has increased from 82.67 lakhs to 159.32 lakhs in
the same period. The alarming rate of increase in population resulted
in increased demand for housing. Supply of houses has not kept pace
with the growing demand.
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Table 4.1
Growth of population-Kerala. (In lakhs)
Year Rural Urban Total Decade
Growth rate of population
1901 59.20 4.54 63.74 -
1911 66.23 5.25 71.48 11.75
1921 71.21 6.81 78.02 9.16
1931 85.91 9.16 95.07 21.85
1941 98.36 11.96 110.32 16.04
1951 117.23 18.26 135.49 22.82
1961 143.50 25.54 169.04 24.76
1971 178.81 34.66 213.47 26.29
1981 206.82 47.71 254.53 19.24
1991 214.18 76.80 290.98 14.32
2001 235.74 82.67 318.41 9.42
2011* 174.55 159.32 333.87 4.86 Source: “Report on Brochure on Housing Statistics” Kerala, Trivandrum 2007. * Kerala Population Census 2011.http://www.prkerala.com/population.htm.
Growth of population naturally leads to growth of households.
This is shown in the Table and figure 4.2. The increase from 14.52
lakhs in 1921 to 67.26 lakhs in 2001 in the total number of
households portrays clearly that that the number of rural households
were greater than the urban households.
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Figure 4.1
Growth of Population in Kerala (in lakhs)
Year
Pop
ulation
95
Table 4.2
Growth of Households (in lakhs)
Year Rural Urban Total Decade variation of
households %
1921 13.38 1.14 14.52 -
1931 15.55 1.42 16.97 16.87
1941 17.74 1.89 19.63 15.67
1951 19.43 2.58 22.01 12.12
1961 24.22 3.81 28.03 27.35
1971 29.19 5.14 34.33 22.48
1981 36.31 7.92 44.23 28.84
1991 41.02 14.11 55.13 24.64
2001 50.10 17.16 67.26 22.00
Source: “Brochure on Housing Statistics” Kerala TVM 2007
During the three decades from 1911, the growth rate in the
number of houses almost kept pace with the population growth rates
and thereafter the population growth exceeded the growth of houses
till 1981. In the decade 1981-91, the index of houses exceeded the
index of population. Number of houses per 1000 population remained
at 178 in 1931 and 1941 and thereafter declined to 160 in 1971.
During the decade 1981-91, it reached 282 houses per population
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(George, 2002). The housing shortage in Kerala from 1971 -2001 is
depicted in the table 4.3
Figure 4.2 Growth of Households (in lakhs)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001
rural
urban
total
Table 4.3
Housing shortage in Kerala (in lakhs)
Year Shortage of houses
1971 1.25*
1981 1.26 1986 1.24 1991 1.20 1996 1.13 2001 1.03
Source: * Draft Fifth Five year plan.Vol.II 1978- 83, &Economic Review -various issues.
Hou
seho
lds in Lakhs
Year
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4.1 Housing Scenario in the State
The population in Kerala state as per 2001 census was 3.18 %
of the country’s population, but the housing stock was 66 lakh, which
was 3.75 % of the total stock of housing in the country. Estimates
based on 2001 census show that there was only a numerical shortage
of 0.63 lakh housing units in the state (Economic review 2009). But
the number of dilapidated houses was 5.38 lakh. With the rate of
growth of family formation remaining constant, another 4.0 lakh
houses may be required to accommodate newly formed households.
The housing problem in the state affects the really poor and needy.
Paucity of purchasing power, poverty, lack of security of tenure for
land, speculative land market, inflexible housing finance system,
inappropriate planning and building regulations, lack of awareness
about building materials and construction technologies and problems
with the institutional framework are barriers in providing adequate
support to the poor (Department of Housing, 2011). However
housing in-equality has widened in Kerala. Although the gap between
aggregate supply and aggregate demand has decreased considerably,
in 2001, more than 8% of the households lived in extremely poor
quality or dilapidated houses (as against only 5.6% at the India level).
There is a concentration of substandard or inadequate houses with
high density and overcrowding, insanitary conditions, absence of
basic amenities and slum like conditions in certain rural and urban
pockets in the state.
Taking in to consideration, the reconstruction of dilapidated
houses and major repairs and renovation of a substantial number of
houses, the total demand by 2011-12 is assessed at around 10 lakh
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units (in rural and urban areas)requiring an investment of the order 0f
Rs28000 crores, covering the needs of all groups. Nearly 4.6 lakh
houses are needed for the very poor under Economically Weaker
Section (EWS) in urban and rural areas, around 1.4 lakhs for EWS
above poverty line, 2 lakhs for low income groups and 1.5 lakhs for
middle income group and 0.5 lakhs for high income group families.
The total number of homeless families in Kerala is estimated as 7.1
lakh as shown in the table 4.4. Out of this 3.72 lakh people are
landed, but houseless and the number of landless and houseless
people is 3.33 lakh.
According to the general survey conducted in 2007, it was
estimated that the projected demand was 10.84 lakhs housing units in
the state. Based on this Economic survey, the housing stock of the
state was 69, 85,419 units and the current stock is estimated at 75
lakh residential units. The projected demand for the new population
up to the end of the 12th plan period is 6.5lakhs Apart from this there
is a need for reconstruction of 5.5 lakhs units of dilapidated houses.
The state has to undertake the task of constructing 12 lakh housing
units, of which around sixty percent is for the EWS of the society.
Considering an amount of Rs 2 lakhs for the construction of a
residential unit, it is estimated that a total amount of Rs 15,000 crores
is needed as investment in the Housing sector for EWS and
disadvantaged groups (Department of Housing, 2011).
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Table 4.4
Number of Homeless and Landless Families in Kerala
SL.No Name of District
No of families
with land but
homeless
No of families who are landless
and homeless
Total No of
families who are
homeless
1 Thiruvananthapuram 30989 42445 73434
2 Kollam 25527 20165 45692
3 Pathanamthitta 18270 21198 39468
4 Alappuzha 9668 6709 16377
5 Kottayam 106226 12052 118278
6 Idukki 11967 71104 83071
7 Ernakulum 22230 19128 41358
8 Thrissur 27286 19959 47245
9 Palakkad 35272 35571 70843
10 Malappuram 14763 15990 30753
11 Kozhikode 19373 13038 32411
12 Wayanad 14972 19266 34238
13 Kannur 27688 31717 59405
14 Kasargod 8253 4614 12867
Total 372484 332956 705440 Source : Economic Review 2009
Market forces dominate the housing scenario in the state.
Quality building materials and modern structural design options are
available at competitive rates and comparatively affordable housing
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finance is available from commercial banks and housing finance
institutions, to all those who can provide collateral security. Though
the people living on the margins of main streams of development
cannot afford modern building materials and technology, they are
either unaware or do not have access to traditional materials and
construction methodology.
There is also the problem of new consumer preference and of
the perception that traditional materials and methods may not be
sturdy. Homeless people or those without adequate housing, aspire to
get houses built with modern materials and to scales they cannot
afford. Financial assistance from the Government is needed to meet
their housing needs. So the government’s housing schemes under five
year plans is worth mentioning.
4.2 Housing Schemes under Five Year Plans in Kerala
State intervention in the housing sector began in the 1950s. Till
1970, it was confined to the implementation of the schemes
sponsored by the Central Government. By 1970, the Central
Government transferred their housing schemes to the State
Government (George and Abu, 2005).
4.2.1 Housing Schemes under the First Plan
There was no provision for housing in the original plan (Istplan),
but an allotment of Rs 10 lakhs has since been made under this head.
The housing scheme under the first plan is mainly intended for
providing houses, house sites to the houseless people of the state
(Travancore Cochin Five Year Plan 1950). For this purpose,the poor
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people of the state have been broadly classified under the following
heads:-
(a) Rural agricultural labourers,
(b) Fisher men,
(c) Municipal menials (sweepers and scavengers)
(d) Industrial labourers, and
(e) Other labourers.
The scheme is worked out through (1) Co-operative societies
for agricultural labourers, fishermen and ‘other labourers’ (2) through
Municipalities, for municipal menials (3) through industrial concerns
for industrial labourers. Funds required for the Housing
Scheme,which includes cost of acquisition of lands, construction of
houses and provision of common amenities, will ordinarily be
advanced by the Government, and such advances will be treated as
interest-free loans, repayable within 25 years on an installment basis.
In the case of industrial labour, common amenities such as latrines,
wells etc will have to be provided by the industrial concerns
themselves. In rural areas, latrines and wells attached to the houses
constructed under the auspices of co-operative societies will be
provided by the Public Health Department under the Rural Sanitation
and Water supply schemes.
For the construction of houses for industrial labour, the
Government will advance 50% of the cost of construction or Rs 750
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per houses, whichever is less and the remaining portion will be
contributed by the industrial concerns.The houses will be constructed
in accordance with type designs approved by the Government under
the supervision and control of the Departmental Engineers. The
houses and the sites on which they are constructed will remain the
property of the Government till the amounts advanced by the
government are realized in full from the Co-operative societies,
Municipalities or industrial concerns as the case may be and they will
execute agreements in favour of the Government in respect of
repayment of the loans advanced to them under the scheme.
The Co-operative Societies, Municipalities and industrial
concerns will allot the houses to the parties on the following terms:
a) The co-operative society will enter in to agreements with the
parties to whom the houses are allotted, for the repayment of the
cost of houses within a maximum period of 25 years. The
amount may be paid in monthly, quarterly, half yearly or annual
installments as agreed to between them and will be free of
interest. The parties will not have any alienable right in respect
of the houses or the sites for 25 years and even after 25 years the
societies will have the first option to purchase them from the
parties.
b) The Municipalities will realize an annual rent not exceeding
2½ percent of the actual cost of a house from the menial
employees to whom the houses are allotted.
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c) The industrial concerns will realize an annual rent not exceeding
2 ½ percent of actual cost of a house from the labourers of the
company to whom the houses are allotted.
d) With regard to houses constructed by Municipalities and
Industrial concerns, the parties to whom they are allotted are not
entitled to ownership of the houses or house sites.
Apart from the above schemes for providing houses and house
sites, house sites will be given to the poor through co-operative
societies. The value of the land acquired for the purpose will be
treated as interest free loans repayable within 25 years on an
instalment basis. Loans will be granted to competent co-operative
societies at 4% interest for purposes of houses construction. The
loans will be limited to rupees one lakh per society. With a view to
implementing the scheme as expeditiously as possible, the
Government has constituted a Housing Board consisting of 13
members including the Minister in charge of Housing and the
Minister for finance.
4.2.2 Housing Schemes under the Second Plan
In the second plan, five separate housing schemes were included
namely:
(1)subsided industrial housing Scheme, (2)low income group
housing Scheme which included low income group housing scheme,
settlement scheme, poor housing scheme, Housing for employees of
local bodies and Co-operative Housing scheme (3)Plantation Labour
Housing, (4)Slum clearance and (5)Village Housing Scheme.
104
1. The subsidized Industrial Housing scheme is a Government of
India Scheme for providing housing facilities to Industrial workers. It
proposes the construction of single storeyed one roomed, (standard
cost-Rs 3300) single storeyed two –roomed (standard cost-Rs3850),
double storeyed one roomed (Rs3500) and double storeyed two –
roomed (Rs 4200) buildings. These buildings will be given on rent to
these workers coming under the perview of the Factories Act 1948 or
Mines act of 1952 and Workers employed in corporations and
companies fully or partially owned by the central or state
Government. The construction will be carried out (1) state
Governments or statutory Housing Bodies (2) Employers and (3)
Registered co-operative societies of Industrial workers (Second Five
Year Plan 1958). The second plan made a provision of Rs 51.00 lakhs
for this scheme. The physical target set for this scheme was 1324
houses.
2. (a) The Low Income Group Housing scheme
This is a scheme sponsored and financed by the Government
of India with a view to help people belonging to low income groups
(having incomes not exceeding Rs 6000 per annum) to build houses
by extending long term loans to state governments and they in turn to
the parties.
Under the scheme, loans are advanced to the state
Governments at 41/2% of interest per annum for disbursement to
persons whose income does not exceed Rs 6000 per annum or to
housing co-operative societies consisting of such persons. The loan
given by the state Government to parties should not exceed 80 % of
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the actual estimated cost of the house, inclusive of land subject to a
maximum of Rs 8000 per house. State Government is imposing 5%
interest per annum on the loan.
(b) Settlement scheme
This is a scheme intended for people of the lowest income
group in the state. This being a state sponsored scheme, no help is
available from the center. Under this scheme, each settler will be
given 5 cents of land in urban areas and 10 cents in rural area along
with a sum of Rs 250/ towards the cost of building materials and a
monetary grant of Rs 50. The settlers are expected to build their
houses according to type designs approved by the Government. The
selection of settlers will be made in consultation with a local
committee constituted for the purpose. The collectors have been
empowered to give sanction for this scheme. A sum of Rs 36.52 lakhs
is provided in the plan. The physical target is 5000 settlers.
(c) Poor housing scheme
The scheme is intended to provide houses and house sites to
agricultural labourers, fishermen, municipal menials, scavengers,
sweepers and other labourers. The scheme will be worked out
through co-operatives and the amount due to Government is to be
repaid in 25 equal annual installments. The amount expended will be
treated as interest-free loans. Each occupant member will get the
ownership of the house after all the dues to Government are paid. A
sum of Rs20.80 lakhs has been provided for this scheme. The
physical target set was 1000 houses.
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(d) Co-operative Housing scheme
The Housing schemes on co-operative basis are purely loan
schemes and they consist of Urban Housing schemes and Rural
Housing Schemes. The Urban housing societies obtain loans from the
Government up to 4 times the paid up share capital of the applicant
subject to a maximum of Rs 10000/- per house. The loans are
generally repayable within a period of 20 years at 41/2 % interest
rate. Usually, the societies charge an additional interest of 1% on the
members towards establishment charges. The maximum limit of
Government loan to members of rural housing societies is limited to
Rs 5000 per house. The total plan provision for cooperative Housing
schemes is Rs 8.20 lakhs.
(e) Housing for Employees of Local Bodies drawing Rs 100 or
less per month:-
The object of the scheme is to provide houses for the
employees of the Local Bodies whose monthly income is Rs 100 or
less by advancing loans to the local Bodies. Under the scheme a
Local Body will get a loan equal to 80% of the cost of construction of
a house including the cost of site subject to a maximum of
Rs 2800 per year. The balance 20% has to be met by the Local Body
concerned.
3. Plantation Labour Housing Scheme
The scheme contemplates assistance to small planters for the
construction of tenements for their resident workers. Loans will be
granted by the state Government to planters deserving such
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assist ance for construction of residential houses for their resident
plantations workers governed by the Plantations Labour Act 1951.
Whether a planter deserves assistance or not will be determined by
examination of the planter’s financial position, building programme
in land and other such factors. But ordinarily planters possessing
plantations below 500 acres only will be considered as “small
planters” deserving help under this scheme.
Government owned plantations are not entitled to assistance
under this scheme. The state Government will advance loans at the
rate of interest to be decided by Government from time to time
recoverable in 30 equated annual installments. The loan assistance by
the Government will not exceed 80% of the actual cost of the
construction of the houses (exclusive of the cost of land and its
development which will not be taken in to account for the purpose)
subject to a maximum of Rs1600 per house. The employers will have
to raise at least 20% of finance themselves (in addition to the cost of
land and its development). There is no objection in the houses being
built by the employers at a higher cost. The assistance from the state
will however be limited to the maximum of Rs 1600 per house. The
houses proposed to be constructed under this scheme are only one
room tenements. The plan provision for the scheme was Rs 10.00
lakh.
4. Slum Clearance Scheme
This scheme was introduced by the Government of India in
1956.The scheme envisaged the grant of loans and grants to
municipalities and municipal corporations for the clearance and
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improvement of slum areas. The pattern of assistance to the state is
25% of the cost as subsidy and 50% as loan and the state Government
is to meet the balance 25% as matching subsidy. The financial target
of the scheme is Rs 14.32 lakh.
5. Village Housing Project Scheme.
This scheme was sponsored by the Government of India in
1958.According to the scheme the Government of India will advance
loans to state Governments at the usual rate of interest recoverable in
20 equated annual instalments. The above loan assistance is limited to
50% of the estimated cost of construction of a house (excluding cost
of land) subject to a maximum of Rs1500.The loans received from
the Government of India have to be used for granting of loans to
residents of selected villages or to co-operatives of such persons for
building houses on “an aided self –help basis” subject to the
limitation of 50% of the estimated cost of construction.
A total amount of Rs 206.53 lakh is planned to be spent under
the Second five year plan on “housing” But only Rs 157.70 lakhs was
spent on these schemes (Third Five Year Plan, 1961).
The efforts made during the first two plans to tackle the
problem of housing touched only its fringe.The growth of the
population particularly the urban populations, the impact of
industrialization and economic development on the concentration of
population have contributed to the complexity of the housing
problem.It is felt that under the third plan, the need for co-ordination
of all the agencies concerned, whether public, co-operative or private
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is greater and that the entire housing programme should be so
oriented that it serves specially the requirements of the low income
groups of the community.
4.2.3 Housing Schemes under the Third Plan
The Housing Scheme for weaker sections was introduced
during the third plan period. Five housing schemes of the second plan
are continued in the third plan. Middle Income Group Housing was
introduced by the government of India in 1959.The states rules on the
scheme were issued in 1961. The beneficiaries of the scheme should
be with an annual income between the Rs 7200 and Rs18000 (Facts
and figures on Housing Kerala and All India 1983) amount of loan to
be granted for the construction of a house shall not exceed 80% of the
estimated cost of the house including the cost of developed land,
subject to a maximum of Rs25000. The loan is repayable in 300
monthly instalments.The scheme was mainly financed from L.I.C
loan allotted to the state for Housing schemes.
Third plan target for housing is depicted in the table 4.5.An
amount of Rs 315 lakhs was set apart for the different programmes of
the third plan.
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Table 4.5
Third Plan Targets for Housing
SL.No Name of scheme Financial targets (Rs in lakhs)
1 Subsidized Industrial Housing 25
2
3
4
5
Low Income Group Housing Scheme
Settlement scheme
Co-operative Housing
Low Income Group Housing
Housing scheme for employees of Local bodies
265
6 Plantation Labour Housing 10.00
Total - Housing 300
7 Slum clearance 15
Total 315.00
Source Govt of kerala. SPB. Third Five year plan Part II. 1961-66 TVM.
A sum of Rs 182.27 lakhs was spent for Housing Schemes
under the state sector. The short fall in expenditure was mainly due to
limited budget allotments made for the schemes every year. In respect
of the centrally sponsored schemes, a sum of Rs 54.86 lakhs was
spent during the period. The Subsidized Industrial Housing was
implemented in Thrissur, Ernakulum, Kozhikode and Cannanore
districts and 390 tenements were constructed under this scheme
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during this plan period. The Low Income Group Housing scheme
continued to be popular, and during this period 1856 houses were
constructed against a target of 1750 houses. In respect of the
settlement scheme 1627 tenements could be constructed.
Apart from granting loans for the construction of houses in
villages selected for the implementation of the Village Housing
Scheme, separate rules were evolved for the acquisition of land for
providing house sites to landless agricultural workers, and for the
provision of common amenities. Under this scheme 1004 houses
were constructed and 315 houses under co-operative Housing
scheme. It was during this plan period, that slum clearance was taken
up as centrally sponsored scheme.
4.2.4 Housing Schemes under the Fourth plan.
During the Fourth plan the schemes already in operation were
continued and fresh schemes are implemented. The scheme of the
Fourth plan and outlay are shown in the table 4.6. The different
schemes of the plan are as follows:
1. Subsided Industrial Housing scheme:- The scheme contemplates
financial assistance by way of grants and loans to statutory housing
boards, municipalities, co-operative societies of eligible workers and
employers and also to provide houses to the industrial workers.
2. Housing for Agricultural labourers:- The scheme is intended to
give financial assistance to poor agricultural labourers for the
acquisition of land for constructing houses of their own and also for
the provision of civic amenities.
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3. Settlement of landless agricultural labourers in Government
porambokes:-The schemes envisages settlement of landless
agricul tural families on available Government poramboke lands.
Under the scheme, a family will get a maximum of 4 acres of
Government land on assignment with a financial assistance of Rs
1000 for reclamation of land and initial settlement expenses (Fourth
Five Year Plan 1969-74).
4 Housing schemes financed from LIC funds :-
a. Low Income Group Housing scheme- The object of the scheme
is to assist people in the low–income group by way of long
term loans to construct houses of their own.
b Village Housing Project - This is a scheme evolved by the
Government of India for developing the rural areas. According
to this scheme financial assistance is provided to the residents
of selected villages for house construction. Priority will be
given to the landless agricultural labourers.
c. Middle Income Group Housing scheme- The scheme is
intended to give loans to individuals whose income is between
Rs7201 to Rs15000. The maximum loan admissible is
Rs 25000 per house. Loans are also granted to co-operative
Housing societies and City Improvement Trust.
d. Rental Housing scheme -Tenements will be constructed by the
State Government for providing houses to the economically
weaker sections of the community namely to persons whose
annual income does not exceed Rs 3000.
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e. Land Acquisition and Development- This scheme is intended to
help to solve the problem of housing and slum clearance by the
provision of loan finance to state Government for large scale
acquisition and development of land in selected places.
5. Plantation Labour Housing scheme. Provision is included in the
fourth plan to complete the spillover work (uncompleted houses)
relating to this scheme.
6. Poor Housing scheme. The scheme is intended to provide houses
and house –sites to the poor, houseless and landless people by giving
them interest-free long term loans, repayable within 25 years.
Provision is made in the plan to take up the spill over works and for
the rehabilitation of Kudikidappu tenants from the lands acquired for
the ship building yard at Cochin.
7. Housing scheme for Employees of local bodies. The scheme
contemplates the issue of loans by the government to local bodies for
construction of houses for their low paid staff.
8. Co-operative Housing Scheme. The objective of this scheme is to
provide loans to the Urban and Rural co-operative societies for
construction of houses in the urban and rural areas.
9. Housing scheme for weaker sections – Financial assistance will be
given by the Government for construction of houses to the weaker
sections of the community.
10.Housing Board–The Housing Board through which the
expenditure for the various housing schemes will be channeled would
114
be able to solve most of the existing bottlenecks in the
implementation of the various housing schemes.
In addition to these schemes One Lakh Housing Scheme was
implemented in 1972 by the Government of Kerala popularly known
as Laksham Veedu scheme. It was designed to provide permanent
dwellings for the landless agricultural labour households who had not
received homesteads under the Kerala Agrarian Relations Act
(George and Abu, 2005).The Government implemented the scheme
with generous support from voluntary organizations. This programme
implemented with the participation of local inhabitants, political
parties and social and cultural organizations became popular and
kindled desire in the hearts of all the houseless poor to become house
owners. It aimed at constructing 100 houses in every panchayat of the
state. Though the initial plan was to construct one lakh houses, nearly
ninety thousand houses were built throughout the state. Thus the
scheme actually enabled many homeless poor to achieve their dream
to become house owners.
Each dwelling was to have an area of 250 square feet, divided
in to three rooms-kitchen, bed room and a larger ‘multipurpose
‘room. As for construction materials, the basement and foundation
were to be of random rubble in mud mortar, the floor was to be
cement topping on a consolidated general base, the walls were to be
of sun-dried brick inter-spaced between burnt-brick columns and the
roof was to be of tile set on wood procured from state forests.
The scheme envisaged the construction of 96000 dwellings to
be allotted to families selected on the basis of lots drawn in each
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panchayat simultaneously in all districts. Each allottee was to pay
Rs110 in 11 equal installments. This payment, which amounted to a
little over 9% of the estimated construction cost (at 1971 prices) of
Rs 1250 per dwelling (inclusive of the value of the items to be
supplied free namely unskilled labour, timber, cement and tiles) was
intended to give the beneficiaries a sense of participation in the
scheme without imposing a heavy financial burden on them. Slightly
over one half of the construction costs of the scheme were to be
financed through voluntary public donations and payments from
allottees.The remainder of the cost was to be covered by the state
Government (which was to supply tiles, timber and cement free to
each panchayat) and through voluntary donation of (unskilled)
labour.
The scheme was to be handled through the existing
administrative machinery without any addition of personnel. The
panchayat committee had the responsibility of arranging for the
procurement of bricks and labour and the actual construction of the
dwellings; the district collectors had the responsibility of arranging
for the supply of cement, tiles and timber to the panchayats, while at
the state level, a special secretary to the government was given an
overall charge of the scheme.
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Table 4.6
Scheme wise details of Fourth plan Outlay on Housing 1969-74
(Rs in lakhs)
SL No Name of the scheme state plan outlay
central sector outlay
1 subsided industrial housing scheme 10.00 - 2 Housing for agricultural labourers 20.00 - 3 Settlement of landless agricultural
labourersin Government porambokes 30.00 -
4
Housing schemes financed from L.I.C funds:
a.Low Income Group House b. village housing project scheme c.Middle Income Group housing scheme d.Rental Housing scheme e.Land Acquisition and Development
50.00 25.00
41.50
10.00 20.00
- - - - -
5 Plantation Labour Housing scheme 5.00 - 6 Poor housing scheme 5.00 - 7 Housing scheme for employees of
local bodies .50 23.00
8 Co-operative housing scheme 5.00 - 9 Housing scheme for weaker sections
of the community 5.00 -
10 Housing Board 3.00 - Total 230.00 23.00
Source: Govt of Kerala , Fourth plan 1969-74. TVM
117
The table 4.7 gives the district –wise details of the number of
houses under the Laksham veedu scheme. Two models of houses
were constructed under the scheme namely single houses and Duplex
houses. Single houses were meant for a single family, while Duplex
houses were meant for two families. 90217 homes (consisting of
57599 single houses and 32618 duplex houses) were built all across
Kerala.
Table 4.7 Houses under the Laksham Veedu Scheme in each district
SL.No District Single houses
Duplex houses
Total no. of houses
percent
1 Thiruvananthapuram 9845 4256 14101 15.63
2 Kollam 1629 1994 3623 4.02
3 Pathanamthitta 3821 2348 6169 6.83
4 Alappuzha 1485 650 2135 2.37
5 Kottayam 2268 2232 4500 4.98
6 Idukki 1830 795 2625 2.91
7 Ernakulam 9614 3358 12972 14.38
8 Thrissur 4725 4368 9093 10.08
9 Palakkad 2211 1379 3590 3.98
10 Malappuram 1287 1538 2825 3.13
11 Kozhikode 3160 2920 6080 6.74
12 Waynad 5875 1763 7638 8.47
13 Kannur 3110 2688 5798 6.43
14 Kasargod 6739 2329 9068 10.05
Total 57599 32618 90217 100.00
Source: Department of Housing 1970
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The highest number of house were built in Thiruvananthapuram
district (15.63%) followed by Ernakulum (14.38%),Thrissur
(10.08%) and Kasargod (10.05%).The least number of houses were
built in Alappuzha district (2.37%). There is the need for renovating
the houses constructed under this scheme since the present condition
of these houses are unsatisfactory.
This scheme was as such discontinued later in 1977 mainly
because the Government decided to evolve new schemes to the
benefit of more needy people. In the Fourth plan, even though the
state sector outlay for housing was only Rs 230 lakhs,the actual
expenditure had gone up to Rs 463.34 lakh (Fifth Five Year
Plan,1978)
4.2.5 Housing Schemes under the Fifth plan
In the fifth plan an amount of Rs 19.14 crores was set apart for
the implementation of the various housing programmes.The schemes
envisaged in the fifth plan were aimed at improving the housing
conditions of the rural poor especially the landless agricultural
labourers and other weaker sections of the community. Due emphasis
was given in the plan for the provision of housing facilities to low
and middle income groups also. Different housing schemes of the
fifth plan and outlay on these schemes are depicted in the table 4.8.
1. Minimum Needs programme which include (a) sites and service
scheme and (b) Grant for co-operative Housing scheme for
economically weaker sections were implemented during this plan
period. (a)Sites and Service scheme developed plots in small and
119
medium colonies provided with access roads, drainage, and
individual sanitary latrines, drinking water, schools, health clinics and
work centre’s will be distributed to the landless families. Excess land
taken over by Government under the Land Reform Act can be
utilized for this scheme. The emphasis will be to equip such colonies
with basic civic amenities, in addition to the distribution of house
sites.
(b) Grant for Co-operative Housing Scheme-The Co-operative sector
and the Housing Board have jointly launched this housing scheme for
the economically weaker sections in the rural areas. The bulk of the
finance comes as loan from Housing and Urban Development
Corporation (HUDCO) and Co-operative societies. The Government
gives a grant of Rs 500 per house. Housing schemes like Low Income
Group Housing, Middle Income Group Housing scheme and Village
Housing Project are continued in the fifth plan period.
2. The Scheme for making structural and Environmental
Improvement to Existing Houses was implemented during this period.
This is meant for helping families to improve the structural and
environmental conditions of their existing sub –standard houses.
Under this scheme loan assistance will be given to change the roof,
(from perishable to durable) to provide additional accommodation
and to improve sanitary facilities such as bath, closet and water
supply. The scheme will be implemented through local bodies.
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Table 4.8
Housing –Scheme wise Outlay during Fifth plan
Source: Draft Fifth Five year plan Vol.111 1978-83, TVM.
SL. No Name of the scheme
State plan Outlay
(Rs lakhs) 1.
Minimum Needs Programme a. Sites and services scheme to rural workers b.Grant for Co-operative Housing scheme for economically weaker sections
Sub-total
1500.00 1250.00 2750.00
2. Share capital contribution to housing cooperative 500.00 3. Public borrowing by the housing board 1000.00 4. Integrated Subsidized Housing Scheme for
industrial workers and economically weaker section
100.00
5. Housing scheme for employees of state government and local bodies
1435.00
6 Rental Housing Scheme for employees of state government and local bodies
750.00
7. Special Rental Housing Scheme for Police and Excise
600.00
8. Low income group housing scheme 500.00 9. Middle income group housing scheme 400.00
10. Village Housing Project 600.00 11. Scheme for making structural and environmental
improvements to existing houses 150.00
12. Research in low cost housing and production of building materials
50.00
13. Colonisation schemes 26.00 14. Tribal Area Sub Plan 50.00 15. Housing Scheme in Kasargod 10.00
Grand Total 8921.00
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3. Colonization scheme of this plan envisages the twin programmes of
developing large underdeveloped tracts of Wynad area and
rehabilitation of ex servicemen, aboriginals and landless inhabitants
of erstwhile Malabar region. The scheme of Tribal Area Sub plan is
meant for constructing houses to every tribal family included in the
sub- plan area, on a phased manner. The Housing Scheme of
Kasargode envisages the development of housing facilities in the
backward taluks of Kasargode and Hosdur.An outlay of Rs 50 crores
is provided in this plan for encouraging research in low cost Housing
and to construct experimental houses.
4.2.6 Housing Schemes under the Sixth Plan
During the sixth five year (1980-85) the existing housing
schemes were continued. Low Income Group Housing scheme of
sixth plan envisages financial assistance by way of loans for house
construction to persons whose annual income does not exceed
Rs7200 and who have no land of their own. Loans are advanced at
8% of interest, repayable in 360 equal installment or 30 equal annual
instalments. The maximum loan admissible is Rs14000. The outlay of
Rs 200 lakhs is allotted for continuing the scheme. The Middle
Income Group Housing scheme envisages loans for house
construction at 8% interest for persons who have no land of their own
and whose annual income falls between 7201 and 18000. The
maximum loan admissible is Rs 27500.The loan is repayable in 300
equal monthly instalments or 25 equal annual instalments. The outlay
of Rs145 lakhs is allotted for continuing the scheme.
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Minimum Needs Programme of sixth plan includes (a) provision
of house sites to rural areas (b)construction of Huts/Houses for Rural
workers (c) settlement of Agricultural Labourers in Government
Puramboke Land and (d)Assistance to Kerala state Development
corporation for SC and ST.
The first scheme is implemented in selected panchayats and 50%
of the house sites available in the panchayat area is earmarked for
allotment to landless agricultural workers belonging to SC and ST.
An outlay of Rs 425 lakhs is proposed for continuing the schemes
during the sixth plan period. Under the second scheme financial
assistance (Rs 1000) is provided for the construction of houses in
house sites already allotted to landless workers in rural areas. The
financial assistance is meant for the purchase of timber and tiles for
the construction of houses. The third scheme provides for financial
assistance for house construction at the rate of Rs 1500 (grant Rs
1100 and loan Rs 400) to assignees of Government poramboke lands
and to agricultural workers owning land not exceeding 2 acres. Fifty
percent of such financial assistance is reserved to members of SC and
ST.
In the fourth scheme, the corporation has taken up in 1978-79 a
housing scheme for the construction 10000 low cost subsidized
houses at a unit cost of Rs 3000 (1500 loan and 1500 grant).During
1980-85 the corporation proposes to take up the following subsidized
low cost housing scheme: (a) Construction of 10000 Low cost houses
at a unit cost of Rs 3700.The scheme is proposed to be taken up with
loan assistance from the HUDCO and grants from Government.
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Each housing unit will cost Rs.3700 (Rs2000 as loan and Rs.1700 as
grant). (b) Construction of one lakh subsidized low cost houses at a
Unit cost of Rs5000. The scheme envisages construction of one lakh
low cost houses during 1981-82 to 1984-85 at the rate 25000 houses
per year. Each house will cost Rs.5000 (Rs2500 as loan and Rs 2500
as grant). (c) Structural Improvement to Existing Houses. The scheme
envisages financial assistance for providing strong roofs and tiles to
16600 existing house at the rate of Rs 2500 per house (Rs1500 as
loan and Rs 1000 as grant).The scheme ‘Making structural and
Environmental Changes to Existing Houses is redesignated as “Up
gradation of marginal settlements”. The scheme is meant for
providing financial assistance to families for the up gradation of their
existing sub-standard houses. An outlay of Rs 50 lakhs is earmarked
for continuing the scheme. The different schemes and outlay on these
schemes are shown in the table 4.9.
Table 4.9
Housing – Scheme wise Outlay –Sixth plan (1980-85)
SL. No. Name of the Scheme/ Project Outlay (in
lakhs) 1. Low income group housing scheme 200.00 2. Middle income group housing scheme 145.00 3. Rental housing scheme for government and local
bodies employees600.00
4. Government residential quarters 100.00 Sub-total (1 to 4) 1045.00 Minimum Needs Programme:
5. Provision of house sites for landless workers in rural areas
425.00
6. Construction of huts/houses for rural workers 350.00
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SL. No. Name of the Scheme/ Project Outlay (in
lakhs) 7. Settlement of agricultural labourers in Govt.
Poramboke lands25.00
8. Assistance to Kerala State Development Corporation for SC/ST
400.00
Sub-total MNP (5 to 8) 1200.00 9. Kerala State Housing Board 900.00* Sub-total 9 900.00
10. Slum Clearance and Rehousing 50.00 11. Upgradation of Marginal Settlements 50.00
Sub- total (10 to 11) 100.00 12. Police Housing Scheme 150.00 13. Government Servants/Policemens’ housing co-
operative socities 80.00
Sub-total (12-13) 230.00 14. House building advance to govt.servants 600.00
Other schemes: 15. Land acquisition and development 5.00 16. Housing scheme for industrial workers 16.00 17. Kerala co-operative housing federation 20.00}+
100.00} 18. Kerala School Teaching and Non Teaching Staff
Welfare Society for housing 100.00
19. Sponsored Research in Low Cost housing 5.00 20. Housing Scheme for Plantation Workers 8.00 21. Village Housing Project 80.00 22. Co-operative Housing Scheme for Economically
Weaker Section 300.00
23. Housing Scheme for Kasargod 10.00 24. Tribal Area Sub Plan 50.00 25. Colonization Scheme in Attappady 30.00 26. Settlement Scheme to Assignees of Kayal Lands-
Chempu Kayal Reclamation scheme1.00
Sub-Total – Other Schemes 725.00 Total Housing 4800.00
*Market Borrowing + Rs. 20 Lakhs for share capital contribution and Rs. 100 lakhs for market borrowing Source: Governemnt of Kerala SPB Sixth Five Year Plan 1980-85
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4.2.7 Housing Schemes under the Seventh plan
Considering the magnitude of the housing problem in the state,
the amount spent in the earlier plans has fallen short of the
requirements. Therefore an outlay of Rs 100 crores is proposed for
the various housing schemes in the seventh plan (Seventh Five Year
Plan1985). This outlay is inclusive of Rs 10 crores, for the World
Bank Project. A brief description of the housing schemes in the
seventh plan is given below. Housing schemes for Economically
Weaker sections included (a) Co-operative Housing Scheme for
Economically Weaker Sections, (b) Subsidized Aided Self Help
Housing Scheme for the Economically Weaker Sections with the Co-
operation of Voluntary Agencies (SASH) (c) Occupation Linked
Housing Scheme for Economically Weaker sections by Public
Agencies, (d) Skeletal Houses Scheme, (e) Kerala state Development
Corporation for SC/ST-Financial assistance for Housing and (f)
Tribal Area Sub plan.
a. Co-operative Housing Scheme for Economically
Weaker Sections-Any person whose annual income is less than
Rs4200 and who owns a house sites, but does not have a house of his
own is eligible for assistance under this scheme. The composition of
the pattern of assistance is HUDCO loan of Rs 3000, Co-operative
Bank loan of Rs800, Government grant of Rs500 and the beneficiary
share of Rs1700 for a house. The estimated cost of a house is Rs
6000. It is proposed to construct 80,000 houses under this scheme and
for this a provision of Rs 400 lakhs is earmarked in the plan.
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(b)Subsidized Aided Self Help Housing Scheme for the
Economically Weaker Sections with the Co-operation of
Voluntary Agencies (SASH). This scheme was launched in
1983-84 for the construction of 25000 houses and subsequently
incorporated in the sixth plan. This scheme has evoked wide response
from all sections of society. It is proposed to continue the scheme in
the seventh plan. According to this scheme each beneficiary will be
given a loan of Rs 3000 by the Housing Board, a grant of Rs1000 by
the state Government, and a contribution of Rs1000 by voluntary
agencies for the construction of a house costing not less than Rs
6000. The balance amount will have to be met by the beneficiaries
themselves by way of cash, labour, and materials. The beneficiaries
should have their own land measuring at least 60 m2, and have to
construct houses based on approved plans and specifications. The
voluntary agencies have to sponsor at least ten beneficiaries at a time,
and offer their contribution in advance. A physical target of
constructing 40,000 houses at an overall cost of Rs 2400 lakhs is
proposed for the seventh plan period. An amount of Rs 400 lakhs is
provided in the plan as Government share towards the subsidy
portion of the scheme.
(c) Occupation Linked Housing Scheme for Economically
Weaker sections by Public Agencies of seventh plan is to benefit the
workers engaged in the traditional industries of workers. A large
segment of the handloom workers, coir workers, Palmyra climbers
and handicrafts workers come within the purview of economically
weaker sections. There are separate public agencies devoted solely
for the welfare of these target groups and the scheme is expected to
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be implemented through these agencies and with loans made
available by HUDCO, either direct, through the Kerala State Housing
Board.The scheme is to be implemented on an aided self help basis.
The composition of the assistance will be a HUDCO loan of Rs3500,
a Government grant of Rs 1500 and a beneficiary share of Rs1000 for
constructing a house costing not less than Rs 6000. An amount of
Rs500 lakhs is earmarked as the grant portion of the state
Government for the construction of 33000 houses during the Seventh
plan period. The 1985-86 state sector outlay will enable construction
of 3300 houses of this category. The outlay for 1985-86 is Rs50
lakhs.
(d) Skeletal Housing Scheme is to provide to those
belonging to the E.W.S.category the shell or skeleton of the houses
with the plinth, pillars, and roof, in addition to drinking water and
sanitary latrines.The beneficiaries should undertake internal and
external improvements and expansion as and when they find it
possible to do so with their own resources. The idea is to provide
them with at least a shelter. Each house will cost about Rs 4000 of
which Rs 2000 will be the loan made available from HUDCO.The
Government will provide a subsidy of Rs1500 per house and the
remaining Rs 500 has to be borne by the beneficiary in the form of
cash or labour. The scheme will be confined to urban areas or urban
agglomerations where squatter settlements exist. The physical target
is 20000 skeletal houses at a total estimated cost of Rs 8crores.The
commitment on the part of the state Government in the seventh plan
period will be Rs300 lakhs.
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(e) Kerala state Development Corporation for SC/ST-
Financial assistance for Housing- The Corporation has drawn up a
housing scheme for the construction of 10,000 houses during the
seventh plan period. The amount of Rs 600 lakhs is provided for
giving financial assistance for the implementation of the scheme in
the form of subsidy, interest on loans, and for administrative and
supervision charges during the seventh plan period.
(f). Tribal Area Sub plan- Under this scheme preference
will be given to the construction of houses in the five tribal project
areas of Attapady, Mananthody, Nilambur, Idukki and Punaloor.
Housing was a major component in the tribal sub plan implemented
in these five tribal project areas of the state with hundred percent
Central assistance. But subsequently housing was not considered as
an economic activity and the central Government declined to give
any financial assistance for the housing schemes in the tribal project
areas since 1983-84.
Low Income Group Housing scheme was quite popular in the
initial years. But subsequently with the introduction of newer
schemes, which were found to be better from the point of view of
procedure, availability, loan amount and interest rate, the scheme
failed to evoke adequate response. Hence as a step to discontinue the
scheme, a lump sum provision of Rs 20 lakhs is earmarked to honour
the prior commitments already made under the scheme. Kerala State
Housing Board, (KSHB) a statutory body constituted in 1971, is
implementing the public housing schemes, making use of the
resources raised from financial institutions.The quantum of public
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borrowing allotted to the Housing board was increased to
Rs 1400 lakhs in the seventh plan. Kerala Co-operative Housing
Federation, registered in 1970, is engaged in raising funds from
financial institutions, and distributing the same to the 205 affiliated
primary housing societies, to be advanced in turn to their individual
members for the construction of houses. The Federation has a
programme to assist the construction of 20000 houses within the
seventh plan period at an estimated loan commitment of Rs 6000
lakhs. An outlay of Rs 1000 lakhs was provided for continuing the
scheme of House sites to Landless Workers in Rural areas during the
seventh plan period. The average cost per house site on development
of infrastructure facilities would come to around Rs2000.It is targeted
to distribute 50,000 house sites within the seventh plan period.
The content of the scheme “Construction of Huts /Houses to
Rural Workers” will be modified in the seventh plan so as to bring
this category of applicants within the purview of the “subsidized
aided self help housing scheme for the economically weaker sections
with the co-operation of voluntary agencies”. Such a change will be
advantageous to the beneficiaries, besides facilitating the
Govern ment to cater to the housing needs of about 40000 persons
with the provision of Rs 400 lakhs earmarked for the scheme in the
seventh plan. Kerala State Housing Board, a statutory body
constituted in 1971, is implementing public housing schemes, making
use of the resources raised from financial institutions. The Board has
several schemes which are important from the point of view of
serving the housing needs of the community, but which do not
qualify for assistance by HUDCO, due to the operation of their rigid
130
norms, which cannot be satisfied in certain cases owing to the
conditions prevailing in our state, like high land, labour and material
cost. Hence, sources of finance other than HUDCO assume very great
importance. In recognition of this fact, and to even out the
fluctuations in the receipt of institutional finance, the quantum of
public borrowing allotted to the Housing Board is increased to
Rs1400 lakhs in the seventh plan.
Kerala Co-operative Housing Federation, registered in 1970,
is engaged in raising funds from financial institutions, and
distributing the same to the 205 affiliated primary housing societies,
to be advanced in turn to their individual members for the
construction of houses. The Federation has a programme to assist the
construction of 20000 houses within the seventh plan period at an
estimated loan commitment of Rs 6000 lakhs.
The State Government has formulated a project for World
Bank assistance in housing and urban development of Kerala. The
project has been framed to support all-round improvements in the
three major regions of Trivandrum, Cochin and Calicut. The project
envisages the development of about 37,000 serviced residential and
small business plots, upgrading the slum areas benefiting 29,000
households, besides improving water supply, sewerage, sanitation,
drainage and urban transport. An amount of Rs 10 lakhs is provided
in the seventh plan for encouraging research in low cost housing and
constructing and demonstrating experimental houses. Expenditure on
Housing during the seventh plan (1985-90) was Rs.7167.94 lakhs
(Draft Eighth Plan, 1990).
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4.4.8 Housing Schemes under the Eighth plan
The new housing schemes of the Eighth plan are as follows:-
1. Shelter for Traditional Workers. The housing conditions of the
workers who are engaged in traditional industries like coir and
handlooms are in no way better than that of the beedi workers.
Although some welfare programmes are being implemented with a
view to raising their general living conditions; nothing substantial
was done to solve their housing problems. Therefore the state
Housing Board has formulated housing schemes for coir and
handloom workers on the basis of the directions from the Central and
the state Governments. This scheme is formulated along the lines of
the rehabilitation housing scheme and Rs100 lakhs is provided during
the eighth plan.
2. Nirmithi Kendras. The first Nirmithi Kendra in the
country was started in August 1987 in Quilon district as a pioneering
experiment to propagate the message of low cost housing. Since then
Nirmithi Kendras were started in all the 14 districts of the state.
These were started with the objective of developing an effective link
between the urban researcher in housing technique and the rural
builder. It seeks to bring the fruit of housing research from the
laboratory to local builders at the village level by exposing them to
the modern development in housing building technology. The
Kendras also aim at manufacturing standardized building materials at
reduced costs. This assumes added importance in the context of the
rapidly escalating prices of building materials. Nirmithi Kendras are
manufacturing on a mass scale, many building materials like rubble
132
filler blocks, hollow bricks,ferrocement rafters, water tanks and
smokeless chulas. Another important activity of the Kendra is to
impart training to masons and carpenters in innovation techniques.
An outlay of Rs100 lakhs is provided for the Nirmithi Kendra in the
Eighth plan for enabling them to develop and produce cheap building
materials on a large scale and to impart training in low cost building
technology to sufficient number of masons, carpenters and other
workers.
3. Maithri Housing scheme (Houses for Economically Weaker
Sections)-Housing Board started Maithri Housing scheme in1996.The
unit cost of a Maithri house is Rs 30,000 of which Rs9000 is
government subsidy, Rs19,000 HUDCO loan and Rs2000
beneficiary/voluntary contribution. Besides, an interest subsidy of 8%
has been committed by government. For the Maithri housing scheme,
the Kerala State Housing Board (KSHB) borrowed nearly Rs712
crores from HUDCO for giving loans for 3.75 lakh beneficiaries.The
Board extended loan assistance to 2.30 lakh beneficiaries.
The existing housing schemes were continued during the
Eighth plan. An outlay of Rs 500 lakhs is provided for the Rental
Housing scheme during the eighth plan period. Outlay earmarked for
the scheme ‘House sites to landless workers in rural areas’ was
Rs1200 lakhs. Out of this Rs 50 lakhs will be given to panchayats to
rehabilitate dwellers in puramboke lands. This scheme is
implemented by the Board of Revenue through District collectors.
Under the scheme the panchayats are entrusted with the task of
selecting and purchasing suitable lands after getting the necessary
133
sanction from the district collector. The district collector will have to
verify the suitability and reasonableness of the price of the land
selected before the sanction is accorded for the purchase. The land so
purchased in the name of the government is developed by providing
facilities like roads, drainage and drinking water. The objective of
this scheme is to provide house sites to 15000 families during the
eighth plan at the rate of 3000 house sites every year. A welcome
feature of this scheme is that about 50% of beneficiaries are from the
SC and ST. During the eighth plan period, 10460 house sites were
distributed. It has been estimated that there are 10 lakh landless
families in the state. To complete the distribution of already acquired
plots an outlay of Rs 80 lakhs has been provided in the state sector
during 1997-98 (Draft Ninth Five Year Plan 1997-2002 and Annual
Plan1997-98).
In the eighth plan Rs 100 lakhs is provided for the scheme
‘construction of huts/ houses to rural workers’. Under the’ Housing
schemes in Tribal areas’ Rs 9000 is given as grant for a tiled house
and Rs12000 for RCC house. An additional 20 percent of the grant is
also given for houses constructed in difficult and inaccessible
areas.The outlay proposed for the scheme during eighth plan is Rs
200 lakhs. Government has approved the sixth housing scheme
during 1988 for construction of 10,000 houses. In this scheme, the
unit cost comes to Rs8500,of which Rs4500 is loan from HUDCO,
Rs2500 subsidy from state government and Rs1500 beneficiary’s
contribution. An outlay of Rs400 lakhs is proposed for the
Corporation during eighth plan period as Government grant towards
subsidy administration and supervision charges and interest on loan
134
from HUDCO. Of this Rs 40 lakhs is exclusively earmarked for
giving assistance to people belonging to ST.
Rehabilitation Housing scheme is one of the major housing
programmes launched by the Government with the objective of
rehabilitating the ‘economically weaker sections’ in rural areas. The
scheme is designed in such a way as to tap the available institutional
finance for the maximum extent possible, especially from such
agencies as HUDCO, consortium of Banks and Housing
Development Finance Corporation (HDFC).The scheme is
implemented through Revenue Authorities. The target was 1, 50,000
houses under 1st and 2nd phases of the scheme.
The first and second phases are almost completed. The third
phase of the programme has already been launched and will be
implemented through the Panchayats, Municipalities, Townships and
Municipal Corporations. It is believed that the participation of local
bodies in the implementation of the programme will make it more
cost effective and time bound.
The estimated cost of construction per house is Rs9000.Of
this amount of Rs7500 will be given as loan recoverable in 180 equal
monthly instalments and Rs1500 will be given as subsidy. Out of this
subsidy of Rs1500 per house, the government will provide Rs750 and
the balance will have to be met by the local bodies. To meet the
government portion of subsidy, Rs 1700 lakhs is provided during the
eighth plan period. This outlay will be sufficient to meet the
government share of the subsidy for the construction of 2.25 lakh
houses.
135
Housing schemes for Beedi workers envisages financial
assistance to the beedi workers at the rate of Rs 8500 for the
construction of a house. Of this Rs6500 will be given as loan and the
balance Rs 2000 will be given as subsidy. In the eighth plan Rs50
lakhs is provided for the scheme with a view to extending house
construction assistance to 2500 beedi workers.The total demand for
construction of houses during the period 1991-2000 is approximately
16 lakhs which means that 1.6 lakh new houses are to be constructed
every year if the housing problem is to be solved completely by the
year 2000A.D. Out of this 16 lakhs 25% (4 lakhs) will have to be
constructed in urban areas and the remaining 12 lakhs in rural areas.
The total expenditure (Rs 11737.48 lakhs) on housing during eighth
plan was much below the total outlay Rs 14865 lakhs (Report of the
task force on housing 1997-2002)
4.2.9 Housing Schemes under the Ninth plan
During the ninth plan the following programmes are envisaged
to provide house for all by taking in to account the up gradation of
kutcha units in to semi pucca and pucca units for which an outlay of
Rs100.48 crores is proposed (Ninth Five Year Plan, 1997).For the
scheme ‘provision of House sites to the landless poor’ an outlay of Rs
80 lakhs has been provided in the state sector during 1997-98.It is
expected that the local bodies will spend about Rs100 crores during
the ninth five year plan. Since the scheme is fully transferred to local
bodies, there is no state sector provision from 1998-99 budget
onwards.
136
Kerala State Housing Board is implementing several public
housing schemes including EWS cash loan scheme, kairali housing
scheme and construction of housing complexes in panchayats. The
Board’s main source of finance is loan from HUDCO, HDFC and
other housing finance institutions.Market borrowing by issuing bonds
is an important source of finance to the Board. An outlay of Rs 20
crores is for the Housing Board during the Ninth five year plan which
will be met by market borrowing.
Kerala State Co-operative Housing Federation proposed to
assist construction of about 40,000 houses during the ninth plan five
year plan period through an outlay of Rs 11crores. During the ninth
five year plan, the Nirmithi Kendra proposes to impart training to
masons for implementing EWS (Maithri) housing scheme and to
produce low cost building materials. An outlay of Rs150 lakhs is
proposed for the 9th Five year plan.
1. Nirmithi National Institute for Habitat Management was set
in 1993 as a national institute of excellence in the field of housing
and habitat planning. The institute is conducting MS degree course in
habitat technology in collaboration with the Birla Institute of Science
and Technology. In addition to the academic course, the institute is
engaged in imparting training to engineers and architects. An outlay
of Rs150 lakhs is proposed for the ninth plan.
2. Economically Weaker Sections (Maithri) Housing Scheme-
The beneficiary under this scheme will be persons whose income per
month does not exceed Rs 1,800 and who do not have a habitable
house and who own at least one cent of land. The village officer will
137
receive the filled up applications from the beneficiaries with the
following documents a self attested location sketch of the land in
which the house is proposed to be constructed and the original title
deed of the land. As the scheme is fully transferred to local bodies, no
provision will be made for 1998-99. The local bodies will utilize
about Rs 450 crores for the construction of 5 lakh houses during the
9th plan period.
3. Training centers -It is envisaged to train village artisan, the
beneficiaries of EWS houses and other interested persons in the low
cost building technique as well as in the production of low cost
building materials. Through self help and mutual help the speedy
implementation of EWS (Maithri) Housing scheme could be
materialized. At the first step, experts from Nirmithi Kendras or other
locally available experts will impart the training. Once trained, people
should communicate such knowledge to others.A provision of
Rs5crores is made for the Ninth plan for organizing such programmes
through Nirmithi Kendras, panchayats and voluntary agencies
involved in cost effective building technology.As the scheme is fully
transferred to local bodies, an outlay of Rs10 lakhs is provided in the
state sector during 1997-98.There will be no provision from 1998-99
onwards.
4. Production and Marketing Centers.-One major bottleneck in
the introduction of cost effective technique is non availability of
building elements.To circumvent this,it is proposed to have
marketing centers of building materials in every panchayats and
municipality to procure and distribute such items. These centers
138
should be managed by the local bodies. As a first step, seed money
should be provided by the state so that later on, these centers could
become self sustaining. An outlay of Rs 30 lakhs is provided in the
state sector for 1997-98. The scheme is fully transferred to local
bodies. Therefore no outlay is to be provided in the state sector for
the ensuing years.
5. Renovation and Renewal of Economically Weaker Sections
(EWS) houses- Many of the EWS houses constructed long ago require
renovation. This should be done urgently in order to protect such
houses from total destruction. For implementing the scheme the
Board of Revenue has already initiated some works for which an
outlay of Rs 20 lakhs is provided for 1997-98 in the state sector. As
the scheme is to be fully implemented by the local bodies, no
provision is to be made during 1998-99.
During the 9th Five Year Plan, the houses constructed by the 20
housing agencies in Kerala (1997-98 to 2001-02) are shown in the
table 4.10 In Kerala, different agencies have assisted to construct
82082 houses in 2001-02excluding Local Self Governments. Out of
total houses, Housing Board assisted 40%, Rural Development
Department 24% and 15 % by Nationalized Scheduled banks and the
rest by other agencies. The spurt in housing activity since 1997-98 is
very evident from the fact all agencies together up to 1986
constructed 2.74 lakh houses (Economic Review 2003). During the
ten year period from 1986-87 to 1995-96, 577199 houses were
constructed /assisted in Kerala. But during 1997-98 to 2001 more
than 5 lakh houses were assisted.
139
Table 4.10
Houses Constructed by Various Agencies (1997- 98 to 2001-02)
Year Houses constructed (Numbers)
1997-98 99545
1998-99 106383
1999-2000 139768
2000-01 146439
2001-02 82082
Total 574217
Source: Economic Review.2002.
Since 1997-98, Local Self governments have been actively
involved in house construction for economically weaker sections.
Increase of subsidy per house from 9000 to 35000 in 1998 increased
the demand for housing assistance. During the Ninth Five year plan
(1997-2002) Local Self Governments(LSGs) assisted in the
construction of 5.71 lakh houses and in the repair of 1.86 lakh houses
as shown in the table 4.11.
140
Table 4.11
Houses constructed and repaired by Local Self Government (1997-2002)
Year Number of Houses constructed Houses repaired
1997-98 45521 46655
1998-99 50000 32513
1999-00 28478 40851
2000-01 158282 33965
2001-02 288301 32420
Total 570582 186404
Source: Economic Review. 2002 & 03
The District Panchayat in Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam,
Alappuzha and Thrissur have been implementing Total Housing
Programmes with specific focus on EWS,with implementation
models through district co-operative banks, district Panchayat and
NGOS like Cost ford. The involvements of Community Based
Organizations (CBO) in housing solutions have also played a
supportive role..Total Housing programme in Thiruvananthapuram
district started in 1999-2000 targeted to construct 29872 homes in the
first phase.Unit cost of a house was Rs35000 of which loan assistance
was Rs 30,000.Total estimated cost of the project was
Rs 8961.6 lakhs in Thiruvananthapuram which was financed by
Kerala State Co-operative Bank.
141
Already 25011 houses have been completed and transferred and
4861 are under construction. In Kollam district, the target was to
construct 25,000 houses with Housing and Urban Development
Corporation‘s assistance and the total project cost was Rs 8750 lakhs.
The project started in 2000-01 is completed and all the 25000 houses
have been constructed and transferred to beneficiaries. Thus in two
years above 0.50 lakh houses have been constructed in Kollam and
Thiruvananthapuram district. The target in Thrissur is 12000 houses
and that in Ernakulam and Alappuzha are 9330 and 13000
respectively (Economic Review, 2003).
4.2.10 Housing Schemes under the Tenth plan
During the Tenth plan (2002-07) Rs 354 crore was envisaged
as outlay and Rs 291.40crore was the expenditure under ‘Housing’.
Out of this Rs 205.54 crore was for Maithri Housing scheme (EWS)
of the Kerala state Housing Board (Tenth Five Year Plan Mid Term
Appraisal 2007).The remaining expenditure was on schemes
undertaken by Kerala police Housing and Construction
Corporation,Nirmithi Kendra, Kerala state co-operative housing
Federation and public works department to build Government
residential quarters. During the first four years of the Tenth five year
plan period the public agencies provided assistance to construct 5.05
lakh houses.
Some of the major strategies envisaged in the Tenth plan are:
• Using the housing sector to generate more employment
and active skill upgradation
142
• Ensuring availability of developed plots and ensuring
dwelling units with accessibility to sanitation and water
supply
• Shift from subsidy based housing scheme to cost sharing
or cost recovery cum subsidy scheme
• Empowering local government and co-operative to
mobilize credit for social housing scheme
• Promote traditional architecture and skill and to protect
the cultural heritage while designing the houses.
In recent years the dominant government housing schemes for the
poor have been ‘Maithri’ supported by KSHB and Indira Awas
Yojana implemented by the Rural Development Department. Maithri
scheme was discontinued in 2001 since KSHB ran in to serious
financial problems mainly due to poor recovery of loans from
allottees, diversion of funds, wrong priorities and absences of
strategic planning. KSHB has undertaken another scheme for the
houseless poor, called ‘Suraksha’ started in 2005 with modest targets.
The scheme is to give financial assistance for the houseless EWS in
both urban and rural areas limiting the government assistance to the
vulnerable section under EWS group. Assistance will be given to
persons owning at least 2 cents of land to construct a house by
themselves.Total cost of a house is Rs 30,000, of which Rs9000
capital.subsidy, Rs2000 beneficiary/voluntary contribution and
Rs19000 construction loan..In case voluntary organizations are
associated, they shall provide the entire amount to the beneficiary and
143
build the structure up to roof level; and government subsidy shall be
disbursed as third instalment.
During the first two years of the tenth plan, no new major schemes
will be taken up by Kerala State Housing Board. An amount of
Rs2000 lakhs is set apart for tenth plan for KSHB’S schemes. During
the Tenth plan Rs300 crore is set apart for clearing the backlog of
subsidy. (Government sanctioned Rs138.50crores as subsidy during
the ninth plan but the Board disbursed Rs255 crores). Kerala State
Co-operative Housing Federation has targeted to assist construction
of 72405 houses during the tenth plan. For this, an amount of Rs 800
lakh is proposed during the tenth plan period.For the activities of
Nirmithi Kendra an outlay Rs 600 lakhs is proposed during the Tenth
plan period.
The different agencies/departments have provided assistance to
construct 6.21 lakh houses during the tenth plan period as shown in
the table 4.12.
Table 4.12
Houses Constructed by Various Agencies 2002-2007
Year No. of Houses constructed 2002-03 133228 2003-04 129564 2004-05 155349 2005-06 98869 2006-07 103696
Total 620706 Source: Economic review 2005 &2008
144
The present structure of public housing schemes appears to be
unsuitable to the needs of the rural and urban poor. Financial
assistance, both grants and loans, given to them is insufficient to
command inputs and technology from the market to construct a
liveable house with minimum essential facilities. Without supporting
the poor to empower themselves with entitlements for procuring
inputs from the market, it is unlikely that these schemes with the
present system of partial financial support will achieve desired
goals.What is needed is a habitat approach in which housing
assistance should be perceived as a means of improving the
livelihood conditions and self-dependence of the people.
The focus of planning for the housing sector should be to
provide sustainable houses for the poor and landless. This would
require the identification of land so that the landless are not left out of
the schemes and provision of an average of Rs.75000 for a minimal
house (Eleventh plan 2007).
4.2.11 Housing Schemes under the Eleventh plan
The Eleventh plan outlay of this sector is Rs 531.90 crores,
including a provision of Rs 300 crores for the flagship programme on
Housing.The new housing schemes taken up during the eleventh plan
are :-
• Flagship programme on EMS Housing scheme
• Innovative Housing Schemes
• Reconstruction of one lakh housing scheme
145
• Residential Flats for Economically Weaker Section in
Urban areas
• Laurie Baker Nirmithi Training and Research Institute
• Coastal Housing and Rehabilitation Programme (CHRP)
under Tsunami Rehabilitation Programme (TRP).
1.Flagship Programme on Housing –EMS Housing scheme:-
The flagship scheme on housing envisages co-coordinating all
the schemes and deriving a more realistic cost estimate of a house
with the objective of providing free, sustainable housing to the entire
poor household through the construction of new houses and the repair
of old houses. (detailed explanation of EMS Housing scheme is given
in the following chapter). The total cost of doing so, after taking in to
account the existing Central Sector schemes which have to be
accessed, has been estimated to be Rs100 crores from the side of the
state (including both the state government and LSGIs).
2. Innovative Housing Schemes:- Innovative projects adopting a
‘habitat’ approach to housing (taking in to account issues of spatial
planning, waste disposal, sanitation and water supply) using cost
effective technology will be initiated to promote sustainable housing
in the following years.The target group would be low income
households,reaching out to those sections which tend to get excluded
or only marginally included in large housing schemes.
3.Construction of Residential Flats for EWS in rural areas-‘Innovative
Housing Scheme’. The scheme was envisaged from 2008-09 to
146
provide housing facilities to the poor urban workers, who are being
increasingly displaced from the city limits and are forced to stay far
away from their work place. Housing would be in the nature of flats
in Government land with necessary infrastructure and community
facilities. A minimum of 1/3 of dwelling units will be reserved for
women workers who are single, deserted, and divorced/ widowed.
During 2009-10, Board has constructed 36 flats at Thrikkakkara in
Ernakulum District and 16 flats at Poojappura (I phase) in
Thiruvananthapuram District All units are completed and an amount
of 139 lakh has been spent for the scheme up to 30-9-2010.
For the construction of dwelling units in Government land at
Poojappura in Trivandrum District (II phase) and Kuttanalloor in
Trichur District an amount of Rs250 lakh is allocated during
2010-11 (Economic Review 2010).This set of flats to be constructed
at Poojappura will be entirely reserved for women headed
households. As per the reports from Housing Commissionerate, 52
dwelling units have been constructed under Innovative Housing
Scheme during 2010-11 up to 30-09-2010.
4. Reconstruction of One Lakh Housing Scheme (MN Laksham Veedu
Punarnirmana Padhathi):-The scheme is to reconstruct the
dilapidated houses constructed in 1972 under One Lakh Housing
Scheme. (detailed explanation in the following chapters). During the
Eleventh plan it is estimated that more than 60,000 houses need
reconstruction and an amount of Rs 30 crores was provided.
Rs 37 crores will be likely expenditure during 2007-10 targetting
reconstruction of 13550 houses. Out of this, reconstruction of 4103
147
houses has been done during two years of Eleventh plan utilizing an
amount of Rs11.58 crores (Eleventh plan Mid term Appraisal 2005)
5. Kerala state Nirmithi Kendra (KENSIK) ---Laurie Baker Nirmithi
Training and Research Institute:- During the Eleventh plan an
amount of Rs22 crores had been provided for Nirmithi Kendra to
develop strategies to overcome shortage of sand, setting up of
production centers for Cost Effective and Environment Friendly
(CEEF) materials, setting up of Margin Free Markets and Testing
facilities in all districts. During 2010 administrative and technical
sanctions have been accorded for two CEEF production units, one
each at Valliyoorkavu in Wayanad district and Chittoor in Palakkad
district. Training programme is conducted through the academic wing
of Nirmithi Kendra namely Laurie Baker Nirmithi Training and
Research Institute. For procurement of sand from forest and Dam site
and for distribution through Kalavara Margin free market, a sand
deposit has been opened at Kulathupuzha in collaboration with the
Forest department.
During the 1sttwo years of the Eleventh plan, by expending an
amount of Rs 62 lakh, 14 existing production centers had been
upgraded and 14 new production centers opened. Also CEEF
materials worth Rs 90 lakhs had been sold to the public during this
period.A margin free market, named as Kalavara, for the distribution
of building materials, cement and steel at reasonable rate has been
started at Ernakulam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram and Thrissur
and steps have been taken to extend it in all districts of the state
during 2009-10. One testing lab has been established for buildings
148
materials at Thiruvananthapuram and two more labs at Palakkad and
Adoor are proposed during this year.
A new venture of KESNIK during 2009-10 is ‘setting up of
production centre for Interlocking bricks’.In this regard a production
centre for interlocking bricks using mud is proposed at Karode in
Parasala.This offers an alternative for cost effective construction;
thereby poor people can afford the expenses in connection with house
construction.Training is imparted in masonry, carpentry, Building
materials production etc to the unemployed skilled youth.
A Habitat Studies Centre in memory of late Padmasree
Dr.Laurie Baker, namely, Laurie Baker International School of
Habitat Studies (LaBISHaS) was established on 9-9-2009. LaBISHaS
as a Centre of Excellence will promote studies in alternative
sustainable habitat, facilitating research and development activities of
young talents through tie ups with premier Building Research
Institutes,set up of finishing schools in different dimensions of
housing constructions and create awareness among the public in
habitat practice.
6. Coastal Housing and Rehabilitation Programme (CHRP)-For the
implementation of this programme KSHB has been designated as a
nodal agency. During 2008-09 Rs.122.79 crores has been expended
for the construction of 7042 numbers of houses and 276.11 acres of
land identified for acquisition.
7. The Housing Scheme at Devikulam, Idukki for Government
employees (New scheme)- Under this scheme construction of housing
149
complexes for Government employees in the available Government
land at Devikulam in Idukki district is proposed. For the construction
of houses for LIG category at a construction cost of Rs 6 lakh and
MIG category at @ Rs10 lakh, an amount of Rs 200 lakh is provided
for 2010-11.
8. Pravasi Affordable Housing Scheme (New scheme)- This scheme is
aimed at the Non Resident Indians preferably Keralites working as
unskilled and or skilled labourers abroad. The proposed project is to
construct residential flats in the property owned by KSHB at
Kozhikode near Medical College.
9. Tribal Houses in Waynad District- Government have issued
sanction for the construction of 270 buildings for primitive tribes at
sultan Bathery Taluke in Waynad District as a part of construction of
housing schemes to the primitive tribes during the year 2006-07. The
work has been entrusted with KSHB as decided in the meeting
conducted by Waynad District collector on 08-01-2007. The
construction cost of one building is Rs 90000-and the total cost
required for the construction of 270 buildings amounts to Rs 243
lakhs and the amount has been received from ST Department.
An amount of Rs 2000 lakh is set apart for Suraksha Housing
scheme in the Eleventh plan. The estimated cost of house under this
scheme is Rs100000. A Government subsidy of Rs 25000/-per house
is granted for constructing a house. The voluntary organization/ NGO
shall give assistance of Rs 50,000 to the beneficiary to build the
structure up to roof level and the Government subsidy shall be
disbursed on completion of the roof. The share of the beneficiary is
150
Rs25,000. The KSHB has constructed 390 houses utilizing an amount
of Rs72.22 lakh during 2009-10 (Economic Review 2010).
During 1996-2006 government agencies/departments have
provided assistance to construct 718851 houses. About 80 per cent of
the support provided by the State to various housing programmes has
gone to EWS. During the decadal period over 14.5 lakh houses have
been constructed through all initiatives. Yet households at the lowest
rung of the socio-economic ladder have been unable to construct
durable houses that are appreciating assets.
The continuing problem of housing among the poor indicates the
need for effective intervention from the state on the issue of
sustainable housing. The state is yet to put in place a system of
ensuring housing for the weaker sections and low income groups in
spite of massive housing investment from the private sector in the
housing sector.
From the table 4.13 we can see the outlay and expenditure of
successive plans on ‘housing’ in kerala.This reflects the allocation of
funds and actual expenditure in this sector.
151
Table 4.13
Outlay and Expenditure on Housing during the Five Year Plan
Periods
Plan Outlay (Rs.lakhs) Expenditure (Rs.lakhs) 1 plan 10.00 36.06
II PLAN 206.53 138.55 III PLAN 310.00 189.45
Three annual plans (1966-69)
- 108.19
IV PLAN 230.00 463.34 V plan 1914.00 1726.12
VI PLAN 4800.00 6012.02 VII PLAN 6500.00 7167.94
VIII PLAN 14865.00 11737.48 IX PLAN 10048.00 17141.00 X PLAN 35400 28636.00 XI plan 53190 --
Source :S.P.B.Background papers 1983. Govt. of Kerala, Various plan documents.
It is clear from the table that during second, third, fifth, eighth
and tenth plans the actual expenditure had been less than the outlay
allocated for housing. During the tenth plan an amount of Rs 286.36
crores (81%) had been spent against the outlay of Rs 354 crores. Out
of this expenditure a major share of Rs 148.54 crores was utilized for
the construction of the houses for the poor through the ‘Maithri
Housing Scheme’- House for the Economically Weaker Sections
(EWS)
152
As shown in the table 4.14, likely expenditure during 2007-10
is 209.03 crores (39 %) against the outlay of 531.90 crores of the
eleventh Plan.
Table 4.14
Outlay and Expenditure on Housing Sector during 2007-10 (Rs.crores)
Period Outlay Expenditure Likely % expenditure during 2007-10
2007-08 31.28 32.54 (104%) 109% 2008-09 127.24 143.19 (113%)
2009-10 33.30 33.30 (anticipated)
Total 191.82 209.03
Source:- Eleventh five year plan 2007-12. Mid Term Appraisal S.P.B.TVM
4.3 Government Agencies in Housing Sector
Several agencies which are implementing housing schemes in
the State include Kerala State Housing Board, Kerala State
Co-operative Housing Federation, Kerala State Development
Corporation for SC/ST, SC/ST Development Department, Rural
Development Department including Kudumbashree which
implements ‘Ashraya’ housing scheme for the destitute (Table 4.15).
153
Table 4.15
Achievements under Major Housing Schemes by Different
Housing Agencies in Kerala
SL.No Name of Agency Name of Scheme Number of Houses
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
1
KSHB
Suraksha 134 913 912 390 Laksham Veedu Punarudharana Padhadhi
87 634 510 85
M.N Laksham Veedu bhavana padhadhi
4103 3424
SC Housing 921 424 302 HS for primitive tribes Wayanard
106 74 90
Tsunami HS 31 20 Innovative housing schemes
2
Nirmithi Kendra (KENSIK)
HS for primitive tribes Wayanad
70
SC Housing 1410 692 89 Housing Scheme (2nd Allottment)
18 4
ST Housing 4 10 Aralam Rehabilitation Kannu
75 32
3 SC Development Department 11074 12758 11206 6285 4 ST Development Department 1446 335 425 1929 5
Kudumbashree
BSUP 1079 IHSDP 1317
Vambay 3108 6
Commissionerate of Rural Dev. (CRD)
Credit Cum Subsidy
1061 652 1194 97
IAY 30817 37094 53052 51590
154
SL.No Name of Agency Name of Scheme Number of Houses
2006
-07
2007
-08
2008
-09
2009
-10
7
Fisheries dep.
NFWF 1251 1302 893 446Special Package 338 5
Coastal PURA Scheme Kasargod
42 12
8
Panchayat Directorate
General Housing 39794 21914 24995 SCP 9026 8716 7835 TSP 1880 2219 1560 EMS Housing 6370 IAY 2661
9 Directorate of Urban Affairs 10
HOUSEFED
EWS 665 558 251 142 LIG 1799 1675 1272 942 MIG 1389 2084 2203 2262 Others 1986 2083 1599 1623
11 Sainik Welfare Department 17 10 7 7
12 LIC Housing Finance,Ernakulam 3264 3273 3433 4029
13 GIC Housing Finance 387 229 115 69
14 HUDCO 162 236 226
15 Kerala State Co-op.Agril & RDB 17087 14225 10466 19538
16 Kerala State Development Co-op.for SC &ST
14
17 Schemes implemented by various agencies (Data from HUDCO)
BSUP 4748 17031 1369 IHSDP 6073 6231 5757 7621
Total 134337 139690 146150 101322 Total Houses (04/2006 to 09/2010)
521499
Source: Economic Review 2010. Note:-Advances Outstanding in Housing Sector of Commercial banks as on March 2010-including Kerala State Co-operative Agriculture and Rural Development Bank (KSCARDB)-564342 crores BSUP- Basic Service to Urban Poor IHSDP-Integrated Housing and Slum Development Project NFWF-National Fishermen Welfare Fund TSP-Tribal Sub Plan,SCP- Special ComponentPlan RDB-Rural Development Bank, PURA-Provision of Urban Amenities in Rural Areas.
155
Non-governmental agencies such as COSTFORD (Centre of
Science and Technology for Rural Development) and Habitat
Technology Group, Co-operative Societies and Corporations such as
Kerala State Co-operative Housing Federation, Kerala Police
Housing and Construction Corporation have also helped in
constructing houses. In the recent government effort to rebuild
damaged houses for those who have been affected by Tsunami along
the coast, several NGOs also have contributed significantly. These
agencies / departments have provided assistance to construct 52.14
lakh houses during the period from 2006-07 to 2009-10 as shown in
the table 4.15. During 2010-2011 (up to 30-09-2010) assistance to
construct 43923 houses were given by them (Economic Review
2010).
In this chapter we have seen problems of housing in Kerala
state and the schemes implemented by the Government to solve the
housing problem. Achievement of the government agencies in the
housing sector, outlay on housing and the actual expenditure incurred
on housing during the different five year plans has also been
elaborated in this chapter. The important housing schemes being
implemented in Kerala especially in Thrissur district under People’s
plan is dealt with in the following chapter.
References
Department of housing, Kerala State housing Policy 2011,http:// www.hsgcomr,kerala.gov.in pdf/final policy–kshp. pdf2011 Geroge K.I and Abu George (2005) Renovating Laksham Veedu Kerala Calling Vol.25 Govt of Kerala, Economic Review 2002,2003,2009,2010 TVM
156
Government of Kerala, Travancore cochin Five year plan 1, 1951-1956 Kerala State planning Board. Thiruvananthapuram. Government of Kerala, second Five year plan, 1956-61 Kerala State Planning Board Thiruvananthapuram. Government of Kerala-Third Five Year Plan 1961-66,, Kerala State Planning Board Thiruvananthapuram. Government of Kerala. Fourth Five Year Plan 1969-74 Kerala State Planning Board Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala, Draft Fifth Five Year Plan 1974 -79 Vol.II Kerala State Planning Board. Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala Sixth Five Year Plan 1980-85,Kerala State Planning Board. Thiruvananthapuram Government of Kerala Draft Seventh Plan 1985-90 & Annual Plan 1985-86, Kerala State Planning Board Government of Kerala,Draft Eighth FiveYear plan 1990-95 and Annual plan1991-92 Vol1 &2, Kerala State Planning Board Government of Kerala, Draft Ninth Five Year Plan 1997-2002 and Annual Plan1997-98 Vol.1 &2,Kerala State Planning Board Government of Kerala, Draft Tenth Five Year Plan 2002-2007 and Annual Plan 2002-03, Vol.1, Kerala State Planning Board Government of Kerala, Eleventh Five Year plan 2007-12 and Annual Plan 2007-08, Vol.1&2, Kerala State Planning Board . Government of Kerala, Eleventh Five Year plan 2007-12 Mid Term Appraisal, Kerala State Planning Board . Government of Kerala (1983), Facts and figures on Housing Kerala and All India, Kerala State Planning Board . Government of Kerala Planning Board, Background papers for the Committee on Social Infrastructure And Services-status paper on Housing and UrbanDevelopment. Government of Kerala Office of the Housing Commissioner (1997-2002) Report of the task force on housing.1970 Kerala Population Census 2011 http://www.prokerala.com./ kerala/population.htm Koshy George (2002) “Housing conditions in Kerala An Evaluation‘ Southern Economist May.