Chapter 3:

Project Cost Management

Learning Objectiveso Understand the importance of project cost management.o Explain basic project cost management principles,

concepts, and terms.o Discuss different types of cost estimates and methods for

preparing them. o Understand the processes involved in cost budgeting and

preparing a cost estimate and budget for an information technology project.

o Understand the benefits of earned value management and project portfolio management to assist in cost control.

The Importance of Project Cost Management

o IT projects have a poor track record for meeting budget goals.

o The 2005 CHAOS studies showed the average cost overrun (the additional percentage or dollar amount by which actual costs exceed estimates) was 43 percent.

o U.S. lost $55 billion in IT projects in 2004 from cancelled projects and overruns compared to $140 billion in 2003.*

*The Standish Group, “Latest Standish Group CHAOS Report Shows Project Success Rates Have Improved by 50%,” A Standish Group Research Note (3/25/05).

What Went Wrong?

According to the San Francisco Chronicle’s front-page story, “Computer Bumbling Costs the State $1 Billion,” the state of California had a series of expensive IT project failures in the late 1990s, costing taxpayers nearly $1 billion…It was ironic that the state that was leading in the creation of computers was also the state most behind in using computer technology to improve its services.*

*Lucas, Greg, “Computer Bumbling Costs the State $1 Billion,” San Francisco Chronicle (2/21/99).

What Went Wrong? (Cont.)

o The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) managed a series of project failures that cost taxpayers over $50 billion a year—roughly as much money as the annual net profit of the entire computer industry.**

o Connecticut General Life Insurance Co. sued PeopleSoft over an aborted installation of a finance system.***

**James, Geoffrey, “IT Fiascoes . . . and How to Avoid Them,” Datamation (November 1997).***Songini, Marc L., “PeopleSoft project ends in court,” ComputerWorld (September 2001).

What is Cost and Project Cost Management?

o Cost is a resource sacrificed or foregone to achieve a specific objective, or something given up in exchange.

o Costs are usually measured in monetary units, such as dollars.

o Project cost management includes the processes required to ensure that the project is completed within an approved budget.

Project Cost Management Processes

o Cost estimating: Developing an approximation or estimate of the costs of the resources needed to complete a project.

o Cost budgeting: Allocating the overall cost estimate to individual work items to establish a baseline for measuring performance.

o Cost control: Controlling changes to the project budget.

Basic Principles of Cost Management

o Most members of an executive board have a better understanding and are more interested in financial terms than IT terms, so IT project managers must speak their language.

n Profits are revenues minus expenses.

n Life cycle costing considers the total cost of ownership, or development plus support costs, for a project.

n Cash flow analysis determines the estimated annual costs and benefits for a project and the resulting annual cash flow.

Cost-Benefit Analysis

o The standard way of evaluating the economic benefits of project is to carry out cost-benefit analysis, which consists of two steps:n Identifying and estimating all of the costs and

benefits of carrying out project and operating the system.

n Expressing these costs and benefits in common units (monetary terms).

Cost-Benefit Analysis (Cont.)o Costsn Development costso Include the salaries and other employment costs of staff

involved in the development project and all associated costs.n Set up costso Include the costs of putting the system into place. These

consist mainly of the costs of any new hardware and software, but will also include cost of file conversion, recruitment and staff training.

n Operational costso Consist of the costs of operating the system once it has been

installed

Cost-Benefit Analysis (Cont.)o Benefitsn Direct benefits: These accrue directly from the operation of

the proposed system.n Assessable indirect benefits: These are generally secondary

benefits, such as increased accuracy through the introduction of more user-friendly screen design where we might be able to estimate the reduction in errors of the proposed system.

n Intangible benefits: These are generally longer term or benefits that are considered very difficult to quantify. Enhanced job interest can lead to reduced staff turnover and lower recruitment costs.

Cost of Software Defects*

It is important to spend money up-front on IT projects to avoid spending a lot more later.

*Collard, Ross, Software Testing and Quality Assurance, working paper (1997).

Basic Principles of Cost Management

o Learning curve theory states that when many items are produced repetitively, the unit cost of those items decreases in a regular pattern as more units are produced.

o Reserves are dollars included in a cost estimate to mitigate cost risk by allowing for future situations that are difficult to predict.n Contingency reserves allow for future situations that may be

partially planned for (sometimes called known unknowns) and are included in the project cost baseline.

n Management reserves allow for future situations that are unpredictable (sometimes called unknown unknowns).

Cost Estimating

o Project managers must take cost estimates seriously if they want to complete projects within budget constraints.

o It’s important to know the types of cost estimates, how to prepare cost estimates, and typical problems associated with IT cost estimates.

Types of Cost Estimates

Cost Management Plan

o A cost management plan is a document that describes how the organization will manage cost variances on the project.

o A large percentage of total project costs are often labor costs, so project managers must develop and track estimates for labor.

Cost Estimation Tools and Techniqueso Basic tools and techniques for cost estimates:n Analogous or top-down estimates: Use the actual cost of a

previous, similar project as the basis for estimating the cost of the current project.

n Bottom-up estimates: Involve estimating individual work items or activities and summing them to get a project total.

n Parametric modeling: Uses project characteristics (parameters) in a mathematical model to estimate project costs.

n Computerized tools: Tools, such as spreadsheets and project management software, that can make working with different cost estimates and cost estimation tools easier.

Typical Problems with IT Cost Estimateso Developing an estimate for a large software project is a complex

task requiring a significant amount of effort. Remember that estimates are done at various stages of the project.

o Many people doing estimates have little experience doing them. Try to provide training and mentoring.

o People have a bias toward underestimation. Review estimates and ask important questions to make sure estimates are not biased.

o Management wants a number for a bid, not a real estimate. Project managers must negotiate with project sponsors to create realistic cost estimates.

Problems with Over-Estimates

o Parkinson’s Law: ‘Work expands to fill the time available’

o An over-estimate is likely to cause project to take longer than it would otherwise.

o If there is an over-estimate of the effort required then this might lead to more staff being allocated than are needed and managerial overheads will be increased.

Problems with Under-Estimates

o The under-estimated project might not be completed on time or to cost, it might still be implemented in a shorter time than a project with a more generous estimate.

o The danger with the under-estimate is the effect on quality. Staff, particularly those with less experience, might respond to pressing deadlines by producing work which is sub-standard.

Cost Budgeting

o Cost budgeting involves allocating the project cost estimate to individual work items over time.

o The WBS is a required input for the cost budgeting process because it defines the work items.

o Important goal is to produce a cost baseline:n A time-phased budget that project managers use

to measure and monitor cost performance.

Surveyor Pro Project Cost Baseline

Cost Control

o Project cost control includes:n Monitoring cost performance.n Ensuring that only appropriate project changes

are included in a revised cost baseline.n Informing project stakeholders of authorized

changes to the project that will affect costs.

o Many organizations around the globe have problems with cost control.

Earned Value Management (EVM)

o EVM is a project performance measurement technique that integrates scope, time, and cost data.

o Given a baseline (original plan plus approved changes), you can determine how well the project is meeting its goals.

o You must enter actual information periodically to use EVM.

o More and more organizations around the world are using EVM to help control project costs.

Earned Value Management Terms

o The planned value (PV), formerly called the budgeted cost of work scheduled (BCWS), also called the budget, is that portion of the approved total cost estimate planned to be spent on an activity during a given period.

o Actual cost (AC), formerly called actual cost of work performed (ACWP), is the total of direct and indirect costs incurred in accomplishing work on an activity during a given period.

Earned Value Management Terms (Cont.)

o The earned value (EV), formerly called the budgeted cost of work performed (BCWP), is an estimate of the value of the physical work actually completed.

o EV is based on the original planned costs for the project or activity and the rate at which the team is completing work on the project or activity to date.

Earned Value Calculations for One Activity After Week One

Earned Value Formulas

Rules of Thumb for Earned Value Numbers

o Negative numbers for cost and schedule variance indicate problems in those areas.

o A CPI or SPI that is less than 100 percent indicates problems.

o Problems mean the project is costing more than planned (over budget) or taking longer than planned (behind schedule).

Earned Value Calculations for a One-Year Project After Five Months

Earned Value Chart for Project after Five Months

If the EV line is below the AC or PV line, there are problems in those areas.

Project Portfolio Management

o Many organizations collect and control an entire suite of projects or investments as one set of interrelated activities in a portfolio.

o Project portfolio management has five levels:1. Put all your projects in one database.2. Prioritize the projects in your database.3. Divide your projects into two or three budgets based on type

of investment.4. Automate the repository.5. Apply modern portfolio theory, including risk-return tools

that map project risk on a curve.

Sample Project Portfolio Management Screen Showing Project Health

Summary

o Project cost management is traditionally a weak area in IT projects, and project managers must work to improve their ability to deliver projects within approved budgets.

o Main processes include:n Cost estimatingn Cost budgetingn Cost control

Questions and Answers