Chapter 31 Chapter 31 sections 1 and 2 sections 1 and 2 PowerPointPowerPoint

Communist China, South, and Communist China, South, and Southeast Asia Southeast Asia

China: Civil War and China: Civil War and Its AftermathIts Aftermath After WWII there were 2 After WWII there were 2

governments in Chinagovernments in China Chiang Kai-Shek and the Chiang Kai-Shek and the

Nationalists in the Southern and Nationalists in the Southern and Central regions of ChinaCentral regions of China

Mao Zedong and the Communists Mao Zedong and the Communists in the Northin the North

Mao ZedongMao Zedong Chiang Kai Chiang Kai ShekShek

VSVS

Civil War Civil War

Full scale civil war followed Full scale civil war followed Promises of land attracted Promises of land attracted

millions of peasants to the millions of peasants to the Communist sideCommunist side

By 1949 the Communists had won By 1949 the Communists had won the warthe war

Chiang Kai-Shek and two million Chiang Kai-Shek and two million followers fled to the island of followers fled to the island of Taiwan.Taiwan.

Communists Rule Communists Rule

Two thirds of all peasant households Two thirds of all peasant households received landreceived land

Most private farmland was collectivized Most private farmland was collectivized in order to increase farm production in order to increase farm production and free up labor for industrial jobs. and free up labor for industrial jobs.

Food production did not grow, but the Food production did not grow, but the population increased to 657 million population increased to 657 million people by 1957. people by 1957.

Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward

Great Leap Forward- an attempt to Great Leap Forward- an attempt to speed up economic growth began in speed up economic growth began in 1958. 1958.

700,000 smaller farms were 700,000 smaller farms were combined into 26,000 vast combined into 26,000 vast communes. communes.

Women and men worked together in Women and men worked together in the fields while child care was the fields while child care was provided for their children. provided for their children.

Long live the great Long live the great leap forward! leap forward!

Did it work? Did it work? This attempt failed due to poor This attempt failed due to poor

weather conditions, as well as low weather conditions, as well as low morale. morale.

Food production decreased, and this Food production decreased, and this led to a famine where nearly 15 led to a famine where nearly 15 million people died of starvation. million people died of starvation.

By 1960 the government began By 1960 the government began returning to the old system of returning to the old system of collective farming. collective farming.

Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution

Mao believed permanent revolution Mao believed permanent revolution was necessary to achieve the final was necessary to achieve the final stage of communism.stage of communism.

1966 he launched the “Great 1966 he launched the “Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution” Proletarian Cultural Revolution”

He published a work of his ideas He published a work of his ideas called the Little Red Book. It was called the Little Red Book. It was found in every public place, school, found in every public place, school, and factory throughout China and factory throughout China

Cultural Revolution: Red Cultural Revolution: Red GuardsGuards

Red guards were formed by Mao to Red guards were formed by Mao to enforce his cultural revolution. enforce his cultural revolution.

These groups were made up of mostly These groups were made up of mostly young people. young people.

They set out to destroy the FOUR OLDSThey set out to destroy the FOUR OLDSOld ideas, old culture, old customs, and old Old ideas, old culture, old customs, and old

habits.habits. They destroyed temples, foreign books, They destroyed temples, foreign books,

art work, and foreign music. art work, and foreign music.

Burning books: Remind Burning books: Remind you of anyone? you of anyone?

China After MaoChina After Mao

Mao died in 1976 at Mao died in 1976 at the age of 82the age of 82

A group of practical-A group of practical-minded reformers minded reformers led by led by Deng Deng XiaopingXiaoping seized seized power and ended the power and ended the cultural revolutioncultural revolution

Policies of Deng Policies of Deng Xiaoping Xiaoping

He called for Four He called for Four Modernizations-Modernizations-

1.1. Industrial PoliciesIndustrial Policies

2.2. Agricultural PoliciesAgricultural Policies

3.3. Technological PoliciesTechnological Policies

4.4. National Defense PoliciesNational Defense Policies

What methods were What methods were used? used? First, China invited foreign investment First, China invited foreign investment

into their country to generate new into their country to generate new industriesindustries

Second, thousands of Chinese students Second, thousands of Chinese students were sent abroad to study science, were sent abroad to study science, technology, and modern business technology, and modern business

Finally, a new agricultural policy began. Finally, a new agricultural policy began. Collective farms could lease land to Collective farms could lease land to peasants. Peasants could also sell peasants. Peasants could also sell surplus crops, and sell products that surplus crops, and sell products that they made.they made.

Successful? Successful?

Modernization was a successModernization was a success Per capita income doubled during Per capita income doubled during

the 1980s.the 1980s. In the early 80’s, most Chinese In the early 80’s, most Chinese

could not afford a bike, or a watchcould not afford a bike, or a watch By the 90’s most Chinese were By the 90’s most Chinese were

buying refrigerators and color buying refrigerators and color T.V.s T.V.s

Movement for Movement for DemocracyDemocracy

Many Chinese wanted another Many Chinese wanted another modernization- Democracymodernization- Democracy

Many students who went abroad learned Many students who went abroad learned about Democracy and western ideas. about Democracy and western ideas.

When they complained to the When they complained to the Communist governments, they were Communist governments, they were usually jailed for long periods of time.usually jailed for long periods of time.

Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Square Many people from the cities of China Many people from the cities of China

witnessed corruption and preferential witnessed corruption and preferential treatment for party members. treatment for party members.

In May of 1989, student protesters led In May of 1989, student protesters led protests calling for old Communist leaders to protests calling for old Communist leaders to resign. resign.

Huge protests were held in Tiananmen Huge protests were held in Tiananmen Square in Bejing. Square in Bejing.

Xiaoping sent troops to crush the protesters. Xiaoping sent troops to crush the protesters. Between 500 and 2,000 people were killed Between 500 and 2,000 people were killed and many more injured. and many more injured.

Why do you believe the numbers of those Why do you believe the numbers of those killed is not known? killed is not known?

Chinese SocietyChinese Society Today Chinese society is more relaxed. Today Chinese society is more relaxed.

People can wear more western clothing, People can wear more western clothing, and buy more consumer goods. and buy more consumer goods.

One goal still exists from Mao’s era: One goal still exists from Mao’s era: Population controlPopulation control

1979, China began its one-child policy1979, China began its one-child policy Incentives such as education benefits, Incentives such as education benefits,

child care, and housing were offered to child care, and housing were offered to those who limited their families to 1 those who limited their families to 1 child.child.

Section 2Section 2

South and Southeast South and Southeast AsiaAsia

India DividedIndia Divided

After British rule, India’s After British rule, India’s Muslims and Hindu’s were Muslims and Hindu’s were bitterly divided. bitterly divided.

Leaders decided to divide Leaders decided to divide India into 2 countries: India into 2 countries: Pakistan for Muslims and Pakistan for Muslims and India for HindusIndia for Hindus

The New IndiaThe New India

Jawaharlal Nehru led the Congress Jawaharlal Nehru led the Congress Party and was the new President of Party and was the new President of IndiaIndia

He implemented many ideas, many He implemented many ideas, many based on Britain’s labor party. based on Britain’s labor party.

The state owned major industries, The state owned major industries, utilities, and transportationutilities, and transportation

Private enterprise at the local level was Private enterprise at the local level was allowed, along with private farms. allowed, along with private farms.

NonalignmentNonalignment

The principle of nonalignment The principle of nonalignment was a foreign policy where was a foreign policy where India did not allign itself with India did not allign itself with either super power during the either super power during the cold war. cold war.

After Nehru’s death, his After Nehru’s death, his daughter Indira Ghandi took daughter Indira Ghandi took over over

ProblemsProblems Indira Ghandi, ruled from 1966-1984Indira Ghandi, ruled from 1966-1984 India’s population grew by 2 percent India’s population grew by 2 percent

each year! This is a huge growth.each year! This is a huge growth. This led to wide spread poverty. This led to wide spread poverty. Millions of Indians lived in slums Millions of Indians lived in slums

around cities. around cities. Mother Teresa, a Catholic nun, spent Mother Teresa, a Catholic nun, spent

much time helping the poor, sick and much time helping the poor, sick and dyingdying

Caste SystemCaste System India’s social classes were still broken India’s social classes were still broken

down into castesdown into castes The caste into which someone was The caste into which someone was

born determined their jobs and role in born determined their jobs and role in society. society.

If you were born into the lowest If you were born into the lowest caste, you would remain in poverty.caste, you would remain in poverty.

Today, discrimination based one’s Today, discrimination based one’s caste is illegal, yet it continues.caste is illegal, yet it continues.

Ethnic conflict Ethnic conflict

Sikhs- followers of both Muslim and Sikhs- followers of both Muslim and Hindu ideas lived in the northern Hindu ideas lived in the northern province of Punjab. They wanted province of Punjab. They wanted independence but Indira refused. independence but Indira refused.

Today, there is still much tension Today, there is still much tension between Muslims and Hindus between Muslims and Hindus within India, as well as between within India, as well as between India and Pakistan. India and Pakistan.

Eventually she is Eventually she is assassinated by assassinated by Sikhs.Sikhs.

Her son, Rajiv Her son, Rajiv took over, and took over, and began began transferring transferring many industries many industries to private hands.to private hands.

This led to a This led to a large increase in large increase in the middle classthe middle class

PakistanPakistan

Pakistan was originally split Pakistan was originally split between east and west Pakistan. between east and west Pakistan.

East Pakistan eventually becomes East Pakistan eventually becomes the independent nation of the independent nation of Bangladesh. Bangladesh.

Pakistan and Bangladesh have had Pakistan and Bangladesh have had difficulty sustaining stable difficulty sustaining stable governmentsgovernments

Both nations are also very poor. Both nations are also very poor.

Philippines and Philippines and IndonesiaIndonesia

In the Philippines, 2 leaders have In the Philippines, 2 leaders have recently been removed from office. recently been removed from office.

In 1986, Ferdinand Marcos was forced In 1986, Ferdinand Marcos was forced to flee the nation on charges of to flee the nation on charges of corruptioncorruption

Another leader, Joseph Estrada was Another leader, Joseph Estrada was forced out in 2001 on charges of forced out in 2001 on charges of corruption.corruption.

The president today is Gloria ArroyoThe president today is Gloria Arroyo

Problems today Problems today

The new leader faces many new The new leader faces many new obstacles in the Philippinesobstacles in the Philippines

The economy of the Philippines has The economy of the Philippines has been hit very hard by the worldwide been hit very hard by the worldwide economic crisiseconomic crisis

Terrorism is also a major problemTerrorism is also a major problem Muslim rebels on the island of Muslim rebels on the island of

Mindanao have used terror in an Mindanao have used terror in an attempt to gain independenceattempt to gain independence