chapter 31 section 1 world history 10 h

8/14/2019 Chapter 31 Section 1 World History 10 H

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Moriah Son March 4,2008Ms. Hartmann Period7

Chapter 31/Section 1

I. Dictators Challenge World Peace: People wanted peace,however, the brutal leaders of the era could not afford peacebecause of peace was a form of weakness. To suppress these“peace thinkings”, they decided to make the new acts of aggression. These would allow the country to be strong and getthem out of the turmoil they were in.

a. Japan on the Move: Japanese military leaders andultranationalists thought Japan should have an empire similar tothe western powers. Japan seized Manchuria in 1931, but it wascondemned with aggression by the League of Nations. Japanwithdrew from the organization and after they easilystrengthened their military. In 1937, Japanese armies overranmuch of eastern China and yet again, western protests had noeffect on the conqueror.

b. Italy Invades Ethiopia: Mussolini wanted to pursue hisimperialist ambitions. He looked at Ethiopia in northeasternAfrica.

i. When Ethiopia had the battle of Adowa in 1896, the Italyhad lost this battle however, it was time for them toinvade once more in 1935.

ii. The Ethiopians resisted Mussolini’s contemporary

weapons and so the Ethiopian king Haile Selassieappealed to the League of Nations for help. The Leaguevoted sanctions, penalties, against Italy for havingviolated international law. However, the League had nopower to enforce the sanctions and by 1936, Italy hadconquered Ethiopia.

c. Hitler’s Challenge: Hitler had tested the will of the westerndemocracies and found it to be weak.

i. He built the German military in the defiance of theVersailles treaty and he sent troops into the demilitarizedRhineland bordering France. This was another treatyviolation.

ii. The Germans hated the Versailles treaty and Hitler’ssuccessful challenged won him greater popularity athome. Then the Western democracies adopted a policy of appeasement, giving in to the demands of an aggressor tokeep the pace.

d. Appeasement and Neutrality: The western policy of appeasement developed because none of the reps in the Leagueof Nations could do anything against Hitler. The British would not



support the League of Nations and therefore, the British decidedto be nice to the Germans.

i. Pacifism: opposition to all war, and disgust with thedestruction during the previous war pushed manygovernments to seek peace at any price.

ii. The U.S. Congress passed a series of Neutrality Acts:

1. One law forbade the sale of arms to any nation atwar.

2. Others outlawed loans to warring nations andprohibited Americans from traveling ships of warring powers.

a. The Americans did not want to involve in aEuropean war again.

e. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: Germany, Italy, and Japan formedwhat became known as the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. The Axispowers agreed to fight Soviet communism and they also agreednot to interfere with one another’s plans for expansion.

II. The Spanish Civil War: Spain plunged into a civil and it became ahardship for all of Europe. The European powers started to becomeinvolved in the civil war in Spain.

a. From Monarchy to Republic: Spain was a monarchydominated by a landowning upper class, the Catholic Church,and the military.

i. Majority: poor peasants and urban workers.ii. In 1931 – authoritarian government was kicked out and a

republic came with a more liberal constitution.1. The republican government passed a series of

controversial reforms:

a. Took over some church lands and endedchurch control of educationb. Redistributed some lands to peasantsc. Gave women the right to voted. Ended some privileges of the old ruling class

2. The public opinions was also divided:a. Leftists demanded more radical reforms.b. Conservatives: back by the military rejected

changei. This created chaos amongst the

Spanish government.

b. Nationalists versus Loyalists: a conservative general named

Francisco Franco led a revolt that touched off a bloody civil war.Fascists and supporters of right-wing policies rallied to thebanner of Franco’s forces called Nationalists. Supporters of therepublic were known as Loyalists.

i. Loyalists: communists, socialists, and supporters of democracy

ii. Hitler and Mussolini sent arms and forces to help Franco.



1. The Loyalists and the arm forces fought againsteach other while Britain, France, and the U.S.remained neutral.

c. Dress Rehearsal: Both sides committed horrible atrocities andthe struggle took too many lives.

i. German air raid on Guernica dropped bombs and then

swooped low to machine-gun anyone in the streets whohad survived the first attack. This caused 1600 innocentpeople to be killed.

1. This was known as an “experiment” to identifywhat their new planes could do. However, to theworld it was a grim warning of the destructivepower of modern warfare.

2. Franco triumphed and he created a fascistsdictatorship like those of Hitler and Mussolini. Heused terror to promote order.

III. German Aggression Continues: Hitler pursued his goal of bringing all German-speaking people into the Third Reich. He alsotook steps to gain “living space” for Germans in Eastern Europe. Hebelieved that the Aryan race thought that Germany had the right toconquer the inferior Slavs to the east.

a. Austria Annexed: Nazi propaganda had found fertile ground inAustria. Hitler was ready to engineer the Anschluss, union of Austria and Germany. He forced the Austrian chancellor toappoint Nazis to key cabinet posts. The Austria leader balked atother demands. Hitler sent in Germany army “to preserve order”and he indicated that his new role was the rule of Austria.

i. This was a violation to the Versailles treaty and created abrief war scare. However, there was no one to stop Hitlerand his actions.

b. The Czech Crisis: Germany’s next victim was Czechoslovakia.Hitler wanted to take over Sudetenland- a region of westernCzech. British and French leaders wanted a peaceful way tosettle his thirst and they decided to choose an appeasement atthe Munich Conference in September 1938. Hitler said that hewould not take over any more countries again.

c. “Peace for Our Time”: Returning from Munich, British PrimeMinister Neville Chamberlain told cheering crowds that he hadachieved “peace for out time.” He declared that the Munich Pact

had saved Europe. However, everyone that the Nazi wasbeginning to build and they were planning to take over not now,but very soon.

IV. Europe Plunges Toward War: Munich did not bring peace andinstead it brought turkey food for Hitler to gobble up the rest of Europe. People started to get worried and wanted protection fromthe government and the League of Nations. However, they werepowerless and had nothing in their hands.



a. Nazi-Soviet Pact: In 1939, Hitler stunned the world byannouncing a nonaggression pact with his great enemy-JosephStalin, the Soviet dictator.

i. They were not to fight if the other went to war.ii. They were supposed to divide up Poland and other parts

of Eastern Europe.1. This pact was based not on friendship or respect

but on mutual need. Hitler feared communism andStalin feared fascism. However, Hitler wanted a freehand in Poland and so he decided not to fight a warwith the western democracies and the Soviet Unionat the same time.

2. Stalin had sought allies among the westerndemocracies against the Nazi menace. And sosuspicions had kept them apart however, by joiningwith Hitler, Stalin had bought time to build upSoviet defenses and he saw the chance for animportant territorial gain.

b. Invasion of Poland: On September 1, 1939, a week after theNazi-Soviet Pact, German forces invaded Poland. Two days later,Britain and France honored their commitment to Poland anddeclared on Germany. World War II had begun and thus theworld was prepared to face millions and millions of deaths.

V. Why War Came: Many factors contributed to the outbreak of WorldWar II. However, most of it probably came from the Treaty of Versailles. This enabled Germany to spur nationalism and gave Italya chance to hate the western democracies and put them down.

a. The factors that affected this outbreak:i. Axis aggression

ii. Policy of appeasementiii. Versailles Treatyiv. The ignorance of the Nazi threat

chapter 31 section 1 world history 10 h

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