Chapter 31 – Section 1

The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity and new ideas.

Impact of Einstein’s Theory of Relativity: Albert Einstein: offered

radically new ideas in field of physics

Theory of relativity: idea that space and time are not constant

New ideas made world seem more uncertain than before

Influence of Freudian Psychology: Sigmund Freud:

Austrian doctor with new ideas about the mind

Claims that human behavior is not based on reason

Impact of the War: Suffering caused by WWI

leads many to doubt old beliefs

Thinkers React to Uncertainties: Philosophy of

Existentialism: Searching for the meaning to life’s questions

Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to ancient heroic values.

Jean Paul Sartre Belief that there is no universal meaning

to life. Perople create their own mean in life through their choices and actions;

Friedrich Nietzsche, German Philosopher, was influenced by Existentialism; Western ideas like reason, democracy, and

progress stifled creativity. He urged return to ancient heroic values – pride, assertiveness, and strength;

Twentieth-CenturyTwentieth-CenturyLiteratureLiterature

William FaulknerMarcel Proust

Virginia Woolf

2020thth century authors began to write from the point to view of a single, confused century authors began to write from the point to view of a single, confusedindividual or multiple individuals instead of the individual or multiple individuals instead of the ““all knowingall knowing”” style of writers of style of writers ofthe 19the 19thth century. century.

James JoyceOswald

Spengler T.S. EliotFranz Kafka George Orwell

How does each piece reflect the “uncertainty of modern thought?”

▪ T.S. Eliot▪ Virginia Woolf▪ Oswald Spengler▪ James Joyce

Czech-born author, Franz Kafka, The Trial, (1925), The Castle, (1926) – people caught in threatening situations they cannot understand nor escape;

James Joyce, Irish author, stream of consciousness novel, Ulysses (1922);

Artists Rebel Against Tradition: Artists want to depict inner world of mind Cubism transforms natural shapes into

geometric forms Surrealism = Art movement that links

dreams with real life Composers Try New Styles:

Composers move away from traditional styles

Jazz = musical style that captures age’s new freedom

Goals:To devalue previous art movements through a dramatic changeTo separate their art from the conventional understanding of perspective

Picasso and Braque worked next to each other in the same studio during their cubist period with almost identical styles

CubismCubismCubismCubism1900’s – 1920’s1900’s – 1920’s

Transformed natural shapes into geometric forms;

Objects broken down into differnet parts with sharp angles and edges;

Creator of Cubism; Pablo Picasso, Spanish Painter, Guernica; and

Georges Braque, French painter, The Violin and the Candlestick;

Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso (1881-(1881-1973)1973)

Pablo Picasso Pablo Picasso (1881-(1881-1973)1973) Considered greatest

artist of 20th centuryCreated more than 20,000 pieces of artThree phases of his career:

Blue PeriodRose PeriodProtocubism

Some of his paintings take on a surrealist quality

Pablo PicassoPablo Picasso’’s Self-s Self-PortraitsPortraits

Pablo PicassoPablo Picasso’’s Self-s Self-PortraitsPortraits

Picasso

Guernica depicts the massacre after German planes bombed the city and 1,600 civilians on April 26, 1937, during the Spanish Civil WarUsed symbolism and the monochromatic colors to represent the desolation after the tragedy

Picasso and War Picasso and War (1937-(1937-1945)1945)

Picasso and War Picasso and War (1937-(1937-1945)1945)

SurrealisSurrealismm

SurrealisSurrealismm

1920’s – 1950’s1920’s – 1950’s

Surreal – means “beyond or above reality” Used unconscious part of their minds – had an eerie, dreamlike quality to depict objects in unrealistic ways;

Movement that tried to link the world of dreams with real life – inspired by Freud’s ideas.

Salvador Dali, Spanish painter, “The Persistence of Memory,” (1931);

10..

Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) ““The Persistence of The Persistence of

MemoryMemory””

Salvador Dalí (1904-1989)Salvador Dalí (1904-1989) ““The Persistence of The Persistence of

MemoryMemory””

Salvador Dalí Salvador Dalí (1904-(1904-1989)1989)

Salvador Dalí Salvador Dalí (1904-(1904-1989)1989)

Rene Magritte Rene Magritte (1898-(1898-1967)1967)

Rene Magritte Rene Magritte (1898-(1898-1967)1967)

Classical Movement away from traditional styles; Russian Composer - Igor Stravinsky,

“The Rite of Spring,”—irregular rhythms and dissonances; harsh combinations of sound;

Austrian composer, Arnold Schoenberg – rejected traditional harmonies and musical scales;

Emerged from the United States, from most African American artists in New Orleans, Memphis, and Chicago.

Lively, loose beat captured the new freedom of the age;

Women’s Roles Change Women take on new

roles during WWI This work helps many

win the right to vote In 1920: Women

adopt freer clothing and hairstyle

Some women seek new careers

Change in Women’s Roles Women worked in men’s jobs and in war

effort, and wanted the right to vote; Many countries granted women’s

suffrage into law such as the US, Britain, Germany, Sweden, and Austria.

Women abandoned restrictive clothing and hairstyles; shorter looser garments and short “bobbed” hair;

Women wore make up, drove cars, drank and smoked in public;

Most women followed traditional paths of marriage and family;

Women began to seek careers in medicine, education, journalism, and clerical fields;

The Automobile Alters Society: Cars improve and become less expensive

after the war Increased auto use changes people’s lives

Airplanes Transform Travel: Charles Lindbergh is first to fly alone across

the Atlantic

Automobiles – after war were more affordable; people traveled for pleasure;

People moved to suburbs and commuted to work in cities;

Airplanes transform travel; International air travel;

Charles Lindbergh – 33-hour solo flight from New York to Paris – Spirit of St. Louis;

Passenger airlines established during 1920s.

Amelia Earhart, American – in 1932 was first woman to fly solo across the Atlantic;

Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment 1920s: Commercial radio stations spread

across the U.S. Motion pictures become major industry

▪ Seen as an art form

Guglielmo Marconi – first successful experiments with radio in 1895;

Radio developed mostly through World War I; By 1920 the first commercial radio station --- KDKA in

Pittsburgh was broadcasting; Radio swept the nation and soon every major city had

stations broadcasting news, plays and live sporting events;

Soon most families would own a radio;

• Motion pictures began with Nickelodeons in working-class, immigrant neighborhoods;

• Movie makers were charged with corrupting the youth, movie makers tried to make their movies more respectable.

• Movie makers had to find a way to make their product more in line with the dominant culture of a more conservative middle class society. They did that and in doing that they would broaden the appeal and removing the movies;

Paramount studies was the first of the studios at this time.

The “Big Eight”ParamountFoxMGMUniversalWarner BrothersColumbiaUnited ArtistsRKO

Entertainment – Birth of a NationThe Great Dictator