chapter 3 states of matter peps rainier jr/sr high school mr. taylor
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3States of Matter
PEPSRainier Jr/Sr High School
Mr. Taylor
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Matter exists as a solid, liquid, gas, or plasma.O The state of matter is a result of the
movement of its particles.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Kinetic theory: the atoms and molecules of a substance are always in motion.O The higher the temperature of a substance
the faster the particles move.O At the same temperature larger particles
move slower than smaller particles.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Solids;O Have a definite shape and volume.O Particles of the solid are held closely
together and vibrate in place. (Particles close; vibrate in place.)
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Liquids:O Have a definite volume but take the shape
of its container. (Definite volume, shape of container.)
O The particles in contact with each other.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Gases:O Gases have no definite volume and take
the shape of the container they are in. (Volume varies with shape of container.)
O Particles seldom contact each other.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Plasmas:O Not usually found in Nature on Earth
(lightning, aurora borealis)O Most common form of matter in the
universe.O Are electrically charged particles; very high
energy. O No definite shape or volume.
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Energy is the ability to change or move matter.O Kinetic energy; the energy due to the
motion of particles.
O Temperature is the measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance.O Higher kinetic energy = higher
temperature
Section 1: Matter and Energy
O Energy is the ability to change or move matter.O Kinetic energy; the energy due to the motion
of particles.
O Thermal energy is the TOTAL amount of kinetic energy contained in a substance.O Thermal energy depends on BOTH
temperature and mass of the substance.O Cup of hot water vs barrel of hot water
Section 2: Changes of State
O Changes of state involve changing the kinetic energy of matterO Some changes require energy to be added:
O Solid to liquid to gasO Some changes give off energy:
O Gas to liquid to solid
Section 2: Changes of State
O Changes requiring added energy:O Boiling or Evaporation: liquid to gasO Melting: solid to liquidO Sublimation: solid directly to gas
Section 2: Changes of State
O Changes releasing energy:O Condensation: gas to liquidO Freezing: liquid to solid
Section 2: Changes of State
O IMPORTANT IDEA #1!!O During a change of state there is a change
of energy but NOT a change of temperature!!O In boiling or melting the added energy is
used to overcome the attractive forces between particles.
O In freezing or condensation the released energy is given off as the particles become more attracted to each other.
Section 2: Changes of State
O IMPORTANT IDEA #2!!O The Law of Conservation of Mass and
Energy states that in all chemical processes mass and energy can be neither created nor destroyed.O Matter is rearranged in a chemical reaction.O Energy can be converted from one form to
another (chemical to mechanical to sound to ...)
Section 3: FluidsO Liquids and gases are classified as fluids.
O Pressure: the amount of force exerted on a given surface area.O Pressure =
O The SI unit of force is the Pascal
Section 3: FluidsO Buoyant force is the upward force exerted
by liquids on objects placed in them.
O Objects float or sink based on relative densities of the substances.O An object of greater density than the liquid
will sink.O An object of lesser density than the liquid
will float.
Section 3: FluidsO Pascal’s Principle: pressure changes in one
area of a fluid will be transmitted equally throughout that fluid.O This is the basis of all hydraulic devices
such as car lifts and jacks or drive trains for heavy equipment
Section 3: FluidsO Viscosity is a fluid’s resistance to flow
O High viscosity = slow flow (cold syrup)O Low viscosity = faster flow (hot syrup)
Section 4: Behavior of Gases
O Properties of gases:O Gases expand to fill their containersO Gases easily mix with one anotherO Gases have low densitiesO Gases are compressibleO Gases are mostly empty space
Section 4: Behavior of Gases
O Gases exert pressure on the wall of their containers.
O Boyle’s Law says that the gas pressure increases as the container volume decreases.
O Gay-Lussac’s Law says that as the gas temperature increases the gas pressure increases.
O Charles’ Law says that as the gas temperature increases the gas volume increases
