chapter 3 infectious diseases

7/24/2019 Chapter 3 infectious diseases

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Subject:

1. Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Cultivation of viruses

(lesson 1)

2. Cultivation of viruses. Indication of viral reproduction (lesson 2)

. Serological reactions in virology .............................................. .....

!. "rtho#y$oviridae. %aboratory diagnosis of

influen&a virus ......................

'. icornaviruses. %aboratory diagnosis of enteroviruses

. *erpesviruses+ adenoviruses. %aboratory diagnosis of herpesvirus

and adenovirus

infections ............................................ ......................

,. Causes of viral hepatitis. %aboratory diagnosis of hepatitis

viruses .............................................. .................................

-. etroviruses. *I/. %aboratory diagnosis of *I/ infection ..........

0. MC2 ............................................... .....................................

..........!

..........1

..........1

..........21

..........2'

..........20

..........!

..........!

..........!'


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Practical class 16

Topic: Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Cultivation of viruses

(lesson 1

1. !ctuality :

/iruses are the etiologic cause of a large group of infectious diseases that are

characteri&ed by various clinical #anifestations and course+ are highly contagious

and can cause epide#ics and pande#ics. 3oday /irology develops intensively as

one of bio#edical sciences+ although recently it has a narro4 branch of science.

3he i#portance of /irology is stipulanted for the leading role of viruses in

hu#an infectious diseases. 3heir i#potance increases due to decreasing #orbidity

of bacterial+ fungal and proto&oal infections 4ith li#ited 4ays of specificche#otherapy. Secondly+ #odels of viruses as the #ost si#ple organi&ed for# of

life uses for solving #any funda#ental 5uestions of biology and #olecular

genetics (e.g.+ the doctrine of nirones+ splicing+ oncogenes). In #odern science one

of the #ost i#portant contributions of /irology is the discovery of reverse

transcriptase+ the basis of genetic engineering.

3he 6no4ledge of the topic is necessary for understanding the pathogenesis

of viral infections are studied at clinical depart#ents. In physician7s practice this is

an i#portant #o#ent for the clinical and #orphological differentiation of viral and

other infections. 8t the practical lesson the students are able to #aster the #ethods

of cultivation in cell culture+ cultination 4ith viruscontaining cell #aterial. 3his is

necessary for for#ation of the idea about #ethods of diagnose viral infections.

". #pecific o$%ectives:

9 3o interpret the #orphology and ultrastructure of viruses.

9 3o analy&e the features of the interaction of viruses 4ith living syste#s.

9 3o evaluate the results of the #ultiplication of viruses in living syste#s

9 3o analy&e the #ethods of viral cultivation in the laboratory.

&. 'asic no)ledge* sills* e+perience needed for study of topic(interdisciplinary integration

a#es of previous

disciplines

"tained s6ills

1 2

*u#an anato#y 3o analy&e infor#ation about the structure of the

hu#an body and its organs and syste#s

*istology+ cytology+

e#bryology

3o interpret the #icroscopic and sub#icroscopic

structure of cells

1 2Medical and ;iological

hysics

3o interpret co##on physical and biophysical la4s

that underlie the biological processes


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Medical biology 3o e$plain the la4s of biological processes 4ith

#olecularbiology and cellular levels.

Medicinal che#istry 3o interpretco##on physical and che#ical la4s that

underlie cell develop#ent.

,.Tass for independent preparation for the lesson.

,.1. -nueration of $asic ters* paraeters* characteristics that student

has to learn for the lesson:

Ter #ignificance

1 2

/irus /irus is a of noncellular for# of organis#s that is

characteri&ed by s#all si&e+ lac6 of protein synthesis and

energosynthesis+ as 4ell as obligate intracellular parasitis#./iruses e$ist in t4o 5ualitatively different for#s:

overcellular < virion and intracellular virus.

ucleocapsid 3he protein sheath (capsid) that surrounds a single #olecule

of nucleic acid (=8 or 8) and for#s together the

nucleocapsid. Capsid is co#posed of protein subunits+

4hich are called capso#ere.

Supercapsid Supercapsid (peplos) is the e$ternal envelope of co#ple$

viruses that contain lipids+ are penetrated glycoproteins asspecific viral proteins. eplo#er is a structural subunit of

supercapsid.

roductive infection 3ype of interaction bet4een virus and cells 4hen the virus

functions autono#ously 4ithin the cell and its reproduction

is independent of the reproduction of the cell7s genetic

apparatus. In this ne4 generation the viruses are for#ed.

1 2

8bortive type of

interaction bet4een

virus and cells

8bortive type of interaction bet4een virus and cell ta6e

place 4hen the reproduction of viruses is bloc6ed at one

stage+ but infectious virions are not for#ed.

Integrative type of

interaction bet4een a

virus and cells

>ntegrativny type of interaction bet4een a virus and a cells

occurs 4hen the oncogenic 8 and =8geno#ic

viruses interact 4ith the cell+ and the nucleic acid integrates

into the cellular chro#oso#e and e$ists a provirus. 8s a

result transfor#ation of the hereditary characteristics of

cells can occur. 3his process of co#bination of viral nucleic

acid and the host?s cell chro#oso#e is na#ed virogeniya.=efective viruses =efective virus is viruses lost part of its geno#e in the


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process of reproduction. 3hey are divided into ! groups:

defective interfering particles+ the integrated geno#es of

viruses+ satellites and pseudovirions.

,." Theoretical /uestions for the lesson:

3he #odern definition of viruses.

Modern vie4s of the viruses?s nature and origin. lace of viruses in the syste#

of all living.

3he history of discovery and the #ain stages of /irology. 3he contribution of

scientists of our country.

Classification of viruses. 3he #ain features of hu#an and ani#al viruses.

Morphology and ultrastructure of viruses. Sy##etry types of viruses. Che#ical

co#position+ functuion of co#pound parts of viruses. eproduction of viruses. Stages and types of interaction bet4een viruses and

sensitive cells.

;acteriophage+ the history of the study. 3he structure+ classification of phages

in #orphology. Methods of 5ualitative and 5uantitative deter#ination of

bacteriophages. 3he practical use of bacteriophages.

@or#s of interaction bet4een bacteriophages and bacterial cell. /irulent and

#oderate phages. Characteristics of productive interaction. %ysogenicity and

phage conversion

,.&. Practical tass perfored in the classroo:

1.3o study the #orphological and structural features of viruses+ their interaction

4ith cells.

2. 3o describe the #ethods of viral cultivation.

. 3o investigate the cellular cultures+ their using in virology+ as 4ell as culture

#edia for gro4ing cells.

!. 3o infect the cellular cultures by viruscontaining #aterial. Methods of

preparing of #aterial for virological investigation.

0. Content of the topic:

8t the practical lesson the students beco#e study the #ethods of #aterial

collection+ processing and transportation of #aterial for virological investigation+

preparation of #aterial for the infection of living syste#s+ study the sa#ples of

culture #edia+ solutions and seru#s used for cell cultures+ study the different types

of cell cultures 4hich are used in virology 4ith de#onstrationA co#pare the

#ethods of viral cultivation in different sensitive syste#s (cell cultures+ chic6

e#bryos+ sensitive laboratory ani#als)A infect the cell culture 4ith viruscontaining


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#aterial+ infect the chic6 e#bryos and laboratory ani#als. 3he student 4rite do4n

the results of co#pleted tas6s and teacher signs it.

ecoendations for the registration of protocol

Classification of cell cultures and tissues that used in virology

1. Tissue or organ culture

B#bryonic tissue organ or part of it that are supported in vitro and retain the cell

differentiation and their functions

". Cell cultures

2escriptions priarytrypsini3ed

cultures

transplanted cellcultures

2iploid cellcultures

Morphology of

cells co#pared 4ith

the original tissue

=on?t differ =iffer =iffer

Set of

chro#oso#es

=iploid heteroploid diploid

%ifeti#e %i#ited by 1

passages

nli#ited by the

a#ount of passages

%i#ited by 2

1 passagesDro4th in

suspension

i#possible possible i#possible

Signs of

#alignancy

8bsent al4ays present absent

eriod of

generation

, days 2E1 days 11' days

Contact inhibition

by gro4ning on

glass

resent absent present

B$a#ples 1. Culture of

#on6ey 6idney

cells

2. @ibroblast cell

culture of hu#an

e#bryos

. Cell culture of

chic6en e#bryo

fibroblasts

1.*e%a (carcino#a

of the cervi$)

2. F; (oral hu#ah

carcino#a)

.*Bp2 (hu#an

laryn$ carcino#a)

!. /ero (green

#on6ey 6idney)

@ibroblast cell

lines of hu#an

e#bryo (GI

-+ MC'+

MC0+ IM

0)+ co4s+

pigs+ sheeps

Classification of culture edia for cell cultures


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4atural en3yatic

hydrolysates

#ynthetic

Bnders #ediu#: -'0H

co4 a#niotic fluid+ '

1H of co4 e#bryo

e$tract+ 'H horse seru#

8#inopeptide

*e#ohidroli&ate

lactalbu#in

hydroly&ate

1. ;alanced saline solutions:

Barle?s solution+ *an6?s

solution+ =ulbe66o and /ogt

solution". Supported #ediu#: 100 #ediu#+

Igl #ediu#+ IMM= (Igl #ediu#

#odified by =ulbe66o)+ MMI

(MillerIgl #ediu#)

sed in the virology #edia for cell culture are divided into t4o #ain

categories gro)th and support.

5ro)th edia (5M+ due to high content of seru# are favourable for rapid

cell gro4th. 8fter the for#ation of a #onolayer and before inoculation of virus

gro4th the #ediu# is re#oved and replaced 4ith support #ediu#. @or preparing

of the gro4th #ediu# bovine seru# (;S) or e#brio calf seru# (BCS) and

antibiotics (penicillin and strepto#ycin) are added to the culture #ediu# (e.g.

IMM=)+ '1H.

#upport edia (#M 4ith lo4 seru# content can save the cell culture in

the state of persistent slo4 #etabolis# during viral replication.

Tas nu$er 1. 3o study different types of cell cultures used in virology

4ith the de#onstration preparations+ paint in the protocol.

Tas nu$er ". 3o study the #ethodology of the preparation of #aterial for

virological research.

Tas nu$er &. 3o studytechni5ue of infecting of cell cultures by virus

containing #aterial.

6. uestions for self7control

Ghat signs are basic of #odern classification of viruses

3he property of all living is the ability to reproduce. /iruses have one type

of reproduction. *o4 is it called Ghat is its essence

Ghat special features of reproductions of 8 and =8 geno#ic viruses

Ghat is the role of reverse transcriptase in retroviruses reproduction

/iruses are very persistent in the environ#ent+ to the action of sterili&ing and

disinfecting agents. Ghat features of viruses structure for# this property and

play favorable role in the develop#ent of viral epide#ics and pande#ics


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%aboratory ani#als are pri#ary #odels for the viruses cultivation 4ere.

a#e the benefits and li#itations of their using..

/iruses can be obtained in large 5uantities relatively easy 4ith one of the

#ethods of cultivation. Ghich #ethod of viruses cultivation is it Ghy it

can?t be considered universal

/iruses are specific parasites of hu#an cells+ ani#als and plants. *o4 is thisfeature used for cultivation of viruses Jn vitro

Ghat is the difference bet4een #oderate and virulent bacteriophages Ghat

is their practical using


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Practical class 18

Topic: The cultivation of viruses. 9ndication of viral reproduction(lesson "

1. !ctuality :

In #ost cases the diagnosis of viral infections is based on the isolation of virus

fro# infectious #aterial and subse5uent identify. 3he correct collecting of #aterial

for research+ ti#ely delivery to the laboratory 4ith correct preservtion conditions+

correct choice of #ethods of viruses?s cultivation and identification enable for

ti#ely diagnosis of viral diseases.

3he purpose of this lesson is to study indication of viral reproduction. 3oachieve this purpose it is necessary to be able to identify viruses in different

sensory syste#s (cell cultures+ chic6 e#bryos+ sensitive laboratory ani#als)A

distinguish different types of C8 in cell culture+ to 6no4 the #ethod of #a6ing

pla5ues for#ation test under agar and bentonite layerA perfor# consideration Kcolor

testK 4hich is #a6ed for indication of viruses in cell cultureA account

hae#agglutination test and reaction of ge#adsorbtion.

In practice the students #ay learn different #ethods of indication of

viruses+ learn the received results interpretation.


1. 3o interpret #orphology and ultrastructure of viruses.

2. 3o analy&e features of virus interaction in living syste#s.

. 3o evaluate the results of viruses #ultiplication in living syste#s.

!. 3o analy&e laboratory #ethods of viruses?s cultivation in the.

&. 'asic no)ledge* sills* e+periences needed for study of topic(interdisciplinary integration. #ee Practical class 16.

,.Tass for independent preparation.

,.1. -nueration of $asic ters* paraeters* characteristics that student has

to learn for the lesson:

Ter #ignificance

1 2

Cytopathic effect

of the virus (CB)

CB are visible under the #icroscope+ #orphological changes

of cells resulting in intracellular virus reproduction.

1 2


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Inclusion Inclusios are accu#ulation of virions or their individual

co#ponents in the cell cytoplas# or nucleus that are revealed

under the #icroscope 4ith a special coloring. /ariola virus

for#s cytoplas#ic inclusion Duarnieri bodies. *erpes

viruses and adenoviruses for# intranuclear inclusions.

la5ues la5ues are li#ited areas of da#aged by viruses cells that

4ere cultivated under nutrient agar #ediu# at bentonite. 3hey

are visible as bright spots a#ong stained living cells. "ne

virion for#s a single pla5ue.

*e#agglutination

test

*e#agglutination test is based on the ability of so#e viruses

to cause agglutination of erythrocytes by viral glycoprotein

spi6es he#agglutinins.

eaction of

he#adsorbtion

eaction of he#adsorbtion the ability of infected by viruses

culture cells to adsorb red blood cells on the surface.

Color reaction Color reaction is appraised by color change indicator+ 4hich is

in the nutrient culture #ediu#. If viruses do not #ultiply in

cell culture+ the living cells secrete acid #etabolis# products

and change p* of #ediu# and therefore the color of indicator

change. or#al #etabolis# of cells is disturbed during viral

reproduction+ as a result the cells die+ but #ediu# preserves

its original color.

,.1. Theoretical /uestions for the lesson:

Methods of the study of viruses and their esti#ation.

@eatures of the collection+ processing and transportation of #aterial for

virological research.

Methods of preparing viruscontaining #aterial and techni5ues of infection

sensitive to virus infective syste#s.

Methods of viruses cultivation and their esti#ation.

/iral he#agglutination test (*3) and he#adsorption (*83) test. 3he

#echanis#+ practical i#portance+ using+ diagnostic significance.

Cytopathic action of viruses (C8). C8 classification of the viruses.

,.". Practical tass perfored in the classroo:

1. 3o #a6e he#agglutination test to detect the virus in alantoic fluid of chic6en

e#bryo+ to deter#ine the titer of the virus.

2. 3o identify virus reproduction in cell cultures by cytopathic effect (CB)+

for# the pla5ues+ Kcolor? reaction+ reaction of he#adsorbtion.


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. 3o e$a#ine different types of C8 of the virus.


8t the practical class the students learn the #ethods of virus detection in

different sensitive syste#s (cell cultures+ chic6 e#bryos+ sensitive laboratoryani#als)A learn to detect the virus in cell culture by cytopathic action+ different

types of C8 in cell cultureA study #ethodology of pla5ue reaction under the agar

and bentonite coversA studying viral pla5ues in cell culture under agar and

bentonite coversA perfor# accounting Kcolor testK #a6ed to indicate viruses in cell

cultureA perfor# account of he#adsorbtion test for virus indication in cell cultureA

perfor# account of he#agglutination test for indication of viruses in chorion

allantois fluid of chic6en e#bryo. 3he student 4rite do4n the results of co#pleted

tas6s and teacher signs it.

ecoendations for the registration of protocol.

Methods of viruses indication

1. 9dentification of the cytopathic action of viruses in cell culture.

Cytopathic effect is degeneritive cell changes that occur as a result of a virus

reproduction in the cells.

Types of cytopathic effect iruses that cause

cytopathic effect

Coplete degeneration poliovirus

Co$sac6ie viruses

BC*" viruses

Partial

degeneration

Type of grapes for 8denoviruses

Type of focal destruction S#allpo$ virus

Influen&a virus

Type of syplastgenerating

Measles virusMu#ps virus

arainfluen&a virus

Svirus

*erpes si#ple$ virus

Proliferation "ncogenice viruses

". !ppearance of intranuclear inclusions is detected by staining by

o#anovs6yDie#sa+ 4ith fluorescent #icroscopy+ electron #icroscopy.

&.Pla/ue reacts under the agar and $entonite


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,. ;eagglutination test.

0. eaction of haeadsor$tion.

6.


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Co#plete degeneration olioviruses+

Co$sac6ie viruses+

BC*" viruses

Co#plete degeneration

3ype as grapesli6e

clusters

8denoviruses

CB type as grapes for#

3ype of sy#plast

generating (giant

cells or syncytia)

Measles virus+

#u#ps virus+

parainfluen&a

virus+ S virus+

herpes virus.

CB as sy#plast generating

Tas &. 3o #a6e account of he#agglutination test for revealing influen&a

viruses in chorionalantoyis fluid.

*8 is agglutination of erythrocytes under the action of viruses.

=ilutions of viruscontaining #aterial


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C>7 control of erythrocytes.


Support #ediu# turbidited after infection of cell cultures and incubation in

the ther#ostat. Ghat does it #ean Ghat are the biological features of the virus reproduction in the chic6en

e#bryos

Ghen 4e can use he#agglutination test (*8) for virus indication *o4 is it

perfor#

Ghat are the signs of virus reproduction in laboratory ani#als

%arge #ultinuclear cells can be revealed during cultivating of #easles virus

in cell culture. *o4 can such changes be called in infected cells Ghat other types

of CB can be for#ed in cell culture

Can viruses #ultiply in cell culture 4ithout the appearance of CB If so+

ho4 to detect this type of reproduction


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Practical class 1?

Topic: #erological reactions in virology.

1. !ctuality :

Serological identification of viral antigens 4ith standard diagnostic sera and

serological diagnosis of viral diseases base on the detection of antibodies in the

sera 4ith standard antigens as diagnosticu#s. It is the #ain direction of research in

virological and i##unological laboratories. 3he 6no4ledge of the serology and

understanding the principles and features of perfor#ing serological tests are the

necessary for effective laboratory diagnosis of viral diseases and+ conse5uently+ the

effective for its treat#ent. 3hese data de#onstrate the actuality of the topic at this

practical class and direct to for# positive #otivation for stidy.


3o learn the la4s of i##unity to viral infections.

3o learn the #ethods of serological tests used in virology.

&. 'asic no)ledge* sills* e+periences needed for study of topic

(interdisciplinary integration. #ee Practical class 16.


,.1. -nueration of $asic ters* paraeters* characteristics that a student

has to learn to the lesson:

Ter #ignificance

Co#ple#ent Co#ple#ent is a co#ple$ of seru# proteins activated by

antigenantibody co#ple$ and other factors+ and release of

#e#braneattac6 en&y#es. It provides nonspecific

protection against heterogenous agents 4ith cellular origin.

=iagnostic sera =iagnostic sera are blood products of ani#als (rabbits+

sheeps+ horses+ etc.) conteining high levels of specific


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antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies Monoclonal antibodies are the preparations of antibodies

highly specific to one of antigenic deter#inants. 3hey are

derived fro# one clone of cellsproducers in vitro.

1 2=iagnosticu# =iagnosticu# is the diagnostic preparation containing

antigenes.

*e#olytic seru# *e#olytic seru# is a seru# containing antibodies as

he#olysins. It is obtained by ! single intravenous

i##uni&ation of rabbits by 'H suspension of sheep

erythrocytes and others and by ne$t inactivation at ' C

later.

,.". Theoretical /uestions for the lesson:

@eatures of serological tests used in virology

Method of paired sera.

@eatures of viral diagnosticu#s.

Co#ple#ent fi$ation test reaction and feature of its using in virology.

eactions used in virology e$clusively the Inhibition he#agglutination test

and *e#adsorption inhibition test+ virus neutrali&atoin test.


1. 3o perfo# the reaction of he#agglutination inhibition test for serological

diagnosis of viral infections+ evaluate the result of reactions and #a6e

conclusions.

2. 3o learn the sche#e of reaction and #a6e account virus neitrali&ation test for

serological identification of the virus.

. 3o learn the sche#e and #a6e account of co#ple#ent fi$ation test (C@3) for

serological diagnosis of viral diseases. 3o substantiate a conclusion.!. 3o evaluate the result of Indirect he#agglutination test for serological

diagnosis of viral infection.


8t practical class the students learn la4s of i##unity of viral infections+

the role of hu#oral and cellular #echanis#s ta6e part in the for#ation of

i##unity and antigenic structure of viruses+ the #ethodology of perfo#ing and

principles of accounting the serological tests used in virology: he#agglutinationtest+ he#agglutination inhibition test+ co#ple#ent fi$ation test+ virus neutrali&ation

tests. 3hey perfor# accounting he#agglutination inhibition test used for


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serological identification and diagnosis of viral infections. 3hey ta6e into account

the co#ple#ent fi$ation test to detect antiviral antibodies+ virus neutrali&ation

test to identify viruses.3he student 4rite do4n the results of co#pleted tas6s and

teacher signs it.


Tas 1. To learn the features of serological diagnosis of viral infections

and tae into account C=T perfoed for serological diagnosis of viral

infection.

=eatures of serological diagnosis of viral diseases

1. !nti$odies are detected in paired sera* the first seru )as taen at the

initial stage of the disease* the second 7 after " )ees.

". #era are eliinated fro viral inhi$itors.

&. The reaction is considered positive if the titer of anti$odies in the second

seru increases in , or ore ties.

#chee of C=T in viral infections


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3he content of tubes: 1! < dilutions of investigated seru# (seru# N antigen

N co#ple#ent)+ ' control of antigen to antico#ple#entation (antigen N

co#ple#ent N physiological solution N he#olytic syste#)+ control of antigen to

he#oto$igenicity (antigen N physiological solution N he#olytic syste#)+ ,-

antigen control 4ith nor#al tissue to he#oto$igenicity and antico#ple#entation.

Tas ". 3o study the sche#e and ta6e into account of he#agglutinationinhibition test that perfor#ed to serological identification of viral infection.

#chee heagglutination inhi$ition test (;9T for serological identification of

influen3a viruses

Tas &.3o study the sche#e and 6no4 the he#agglutination inhibition test #ade

for serological diagnosis of viral infection.

#chee of heagglutination inhi$ition test (;9T for serological diagnosis of

influen3a


18/52


Ghat biological #odels can be used for virus neutrali&ation test

Ghat are the features of serological diagnosis of viral diseases

Ghat is the purpose of collecting paired seru# for serological diagnosis of

viral infections

@eatures of perfor#ing co#ple#ent fi$ation test in viral infections.


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Ghat is he#olytic seru# and ho4 is it obtained.

Ghat is he#olytic syste#

Ghat additional controls are to be perfor#ed in co#ple#ent fi$ation test


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Practical class 1@

Topic: Arthoy+oviruses. Ba$oratory diagnosis of influen3a

1. !ctuality of topic:3hrough the 4ide spreading and high levels of #orbidity+ influen&a and

acute respiratory infections continue to be the actual proble# of 6raineOs health

syste#. More than 12 #illion people suffer fro# these diseases every year that

is over 0H of all registered infections.

3he peculiarities of the structure and genetics of influen&a viruses+ their

4ide spread not only a#ong people but also a#ong ani#als+ the ability of

intense variability and as a result severe epide#ics and pande#ics deter#ine

scientific and practical i#portance of all proble#s related to influen&a. =ue to

ne4 environ#ental and socioecono#ic conditions+ environ#ental pollution+global 4ar#ing range of natural hosts of influen&a agents and contacts bet4een

the# are changingA the basis for the e#ergence of ne4 types of influen&a viruses

for#. 3here is absolutely real threat of the e#ergence of pande#ic virus strain

due to reco#bination of influen&a viruses of hu#an and birds. 3he

conse5uences of such pande#ic could be catastrophic on a global scale. 8ll this

testifies about actuality of the topic and directs to for# of positive #otivation

for learning.


3olearn the biological properties of influen&a viruses.9 3o learn the techni5ues of virological and serological diagnosis of

influen&a.

9 3o analy&e basic #odern principles of the treat#ent and prevention of

influen&a.

&. 'asic no)ledge* practical sills* e+periences needed for study of topic


,.Tass for independent preparing for the lesson.

,.1. -nueration of $asic ters* paraeters* characteristics that a student

has to learn during preparing to the lesson:

3er# Significance

1 2

/iral glycoproteins /iral glycoproteins are structural surface proteins of the

outer shells of co#ple$ viruses that consist of the outer

(hydrophilic) part at the ends of the a#inogroup (end)+and i##ersed hydrophobic part in the lipid layer that

contained at the end of hydro$yl group (Cend ).


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1

2

/iral glycoproteins are specific antigens. 3he #ain function

of viral glycoproteins are interaction 4ith specific receptors

on the cell surface+ i.e.+ specific adsorption of virus to cells.8nother feature is its participation in the viral fusion 4ith

cell #e#branes+ leading to virus penetration into the cells

and strip do4n (release of geno#es).

8ntigenic shift 8ntigenic shift is such variability of influen&a virus 4hich

leads to the e#ergence of strains 4ith ne4 surface

glycoproteins and leads to appearance of radical update of

antigens.

8ntigenic drift 8ntigenic drift is a partial change of he#agglutinin 4hen

one or #ore a#inoacids change due to point #utations. Itleads to for#ation of the strains 4ith slightly updated

antigenic properties.

/iral population /iral population is a particular type of virus originating

fro# a single viral part and reproducing in natural or

e$peri#ental sensitive syste#s+ for#ing unli#ited nu#ber

of generations in it.

8daptation of the virus 8daptation of the virus is the virusOs ability to #ultiply

rapidly in cell culture of ne4 host or 4hen cultivationconditions change.


Deneral characteristics and classification of "rtho#y$oviruses. Classification

of hu#an influen&a viruses.

Deneral characteristics of influen&a viruses: geno#e structure and

characteristics+ che#ical co#position and antigenic structure.

esistance and sensitivity of influen&a viruses to physical and che#ical factors.

Methods of cultivation "rtho#y$oviruses.

"rigin of influen&a and #echanis# of its trans#ission.

athogenesis of influen&a. ole of virus persistence for preservation of

i#portant epide#ic strains in hu#ans and ani#als.

@eatures of laboratory diagnosis of influen&a.

Specific prevention and treat#ent of influen&a.

,.&. Practical tass perfored in the classroo:1. 3o learn the sche#e of virological diagnosis of influen&a. 3o ta6e into

account *enagglutination test to study and deter#ine virus titer+ as 4ell as


22/52

*e#agglutonation Inhibition test for serological identification of influen&a viruses.

3o #a6e a conclusion.

2. 3o perfor# *e#agglutonation Inhibition test for serological diagnosis of

influen&a+ ta6e into account the results and #a6e conclusion.

. 3o learn diagnostic+ prophylactic and therapeutic drugs aused for influen&a

treat#ent.

0. Content of the topic.

8t practical class the students learn #orphological+ physical and che#ical

properties+ ultrastructure and antigenic structure of the fa#ily "rto#y$oviridae+

types and #echanis#s of antigenic variation.

In preparing the the sche#e of laboratory diagnosis the students use the self

training 6no4ledge and practical class 6no4ledge+ perfor# accounting of reactions

(deter#ine the presence of virus in the *e#agglutonation testA ta6e into account of

*e#agglutonation Inhibition test perfor#ed for serological identification ofinfluen&a virusesA ta6e in account *e#agglutonation Inhibition test perfor#ed for

serological diagnosis of influen&a)+ learn the drugs used for laboratory diagnosis

and prevention of influen&a: influen&a diagnostics+ diagnostic sera+ vaccines: live+

inactivated (of 4hole virions)+ che#ical (Split+ subunit vaccines+ nor#al hu#an

i##unoglobulin+ various types of interferon and 4rite to the protocol.

3he student 4rite do4n the results of co#pleted tas6s and teacher signs it.


Tas 1. To lean the sche#e of laboratory diagnosis of unfluen&a.

#chee of la$oratory diagnosis of influen3a

B$press /irological

Clinical the secretions and s4abs fro# the nasal

pharyn$+ less blood and spinal fluid (4ith

co#plications)

Sectional parts of tissue of the trachea+ bronchus and

lung

Material for

investigation

Methods of

investigations

Che#ilu#inescence #ethod

Indirect *e#agglutonation test 4ith

erythrocyte diagnosticu#A

B%IS8+ C

=etection of virus


23/52

Tas ". 3o use the Indirect *e#agglutonation test to detect the virus 4ith

ability of he#agglutination

Tas &. 3o use the Indirect *e#agglutonation test for serological identification

and serological diagnosis of influen&a (See ractical class P1-).

Tas ,. %earn the preparations for specific prevention of influen&a.

1. live allantois dry vaccine of Influen&a virus for intranasal introduction.

(vaccines of the 1 generation) (ussia).

2. urified inactivated split influen&a vaccine of K/a$igrypK (@rance).. Inactivated subounit vaccine KInfluva6K (etherlands).

6. uestions for self7control.

Ghat fa#ily do influen&a viruses belong to

Ghat is the #orphology of influen&a virus

Ghat is the strategy of the geno#e of influen&a virus

Ghat proteins deter#ine the strain specificity of influen&a virus Ghat is the #echanis# of antigenic shift of influen&a virus

Ghat biological syste#s use for detection of influen&a viruses

in chic6en

e#bryos 111!

day

In cell cultures: cell of pri#ary

trypsini&ed (#on6ey 6idney+ hu#an

e#bryo+ oneday chic6en)+

transplanted cell culture: tissue culture

of hu#an e#bryonic trachea and

hu#an e#bryo

In the body of

sensitive to a virus

laboratory ani#als

(4hite #ice+ ferrets

and others) by

intranasal infection

=etection of the virus in

*83

=etection of the virus by cytopathic

effect+ *e#agglutonation test+

*e#adsorbtion test

Identification of virus by C@3 and Indirect

*e#agglutonation test


24/52

Ghat #ethod of influen&a prevention is #ost e$pedient in adults


25/52

Practical class "D

Topic: Picornaviruses. Ba$oratory diagnosis of enteroviruses infections

1. !ctuality:

@a#ily icornoviruses is a typical representative of 8containing si#ple

icosahedral viruses. *igh resistance to physical and che#ical agents is typical for

these viruses.

icornaviruses have a 4ide range of hosts+ a significant diversity of clinical

#anifestations of the diseases and they are 4idely spreading in the environ#ent.

3he genus of enteroviruses is a #ajor genus of this fa#ily 4ith potential

pathogenicity for hu#an. Co$sac6ie+ BC*" viruses and poliovirus are included to

this genus.hysicians have to 6no4 the biological properties of enterovirusesA

pathogenesis+ clinical #anifestations and i##unogenesis of infections+ #ethods of

laboratory diagnostics+ principles of treat#ent and prevention of specific

infections. 8ll this underlies of actuality of practical class topic and urges to

for#ation of positive #otivation for learning.


3o analy&e the physical and che#ical properties of icornaviruses fa#ily

generally and genus of enterovirusesparticularly.

3o for# the sche#e of the laboratory diagnostics of enteroviruses infections.

3o identify the 4ays to co#pare t4o cell cultures in the t4o tubes: in the first

un#odified #onolayer of cell culture is present+ and in the second cell culture

4ith poliovirus cytopathic effect as co#plete degeneration is present.

3o use the co#ple#ent fi$ation test for serological diagnosis of polio#yelitis.

3op use virus neutrali&ation test for serological identification of enteroviruses

selected fro# a sic6 child 4ith suspicion of polio#yelitis.

3o e$a#ine the preparations used for diagnosis+ specific prevention and therapyof enteroviral infections.

&. 'asic no)ledge* sills* e+periences needed for study of topic



-nueration of $asic ters* paraeters* characteristics that a student has to

learn during the preparing to the lesson:

3er# Significance


26/52

1 2

icornoviridae icornaviruses are s#all (2! n# in dia#eter)+ si#ple

icosahedral 8geno#ic viruses that are highly resistant to

physical and che#ical factors. Many #e#bers of this fa#ily

are highly pathogenic for hu#ans. 8ccording to the #odern

classification the fa#ily consists of 0 genera.Bnterovirus Bnterovirus is a typical genus of icornoviridae characteri&ed

by tropis# to enterocytes and cells of the nervous syste#A

stability in 4ide p* range (fro# 2. to 1.)A stabili&ation of

cationic ions QRNN+ MgNN+ 8lNNNto ther#al inactivation.

olioviruses olioviruses are the representatives of Bnterovirus genera of

hu#an that e$ist as three serotypes. 3hey are distinguished

distinctly and infect the cell by binding 4ith specific

receptors /: C= 1''.

Sal6?s vaccine Sal6?s vaccine is an inactivated poliovaccine for parenteral

introduction. /accines do not create local i##unity.

Sebin?s vaccine Sebin?s vaccine a live poliovaccine #ade fro# attenuated

strains of three serotypes of polioviruses+ oral introduction. It

for#s general and local i##unity.

Co$sac6ie /iruses Co$sac6ie /iruses < enteroviruses 4ere isolated in Co$sac6ie

to4n of e4 Lor6 State (S8). It is characteri&ed by

#ultiorgan tropis#. It?s divided into groups 8 and ; by

antigenic structure+ cytopathogenic effect of cell culture and

for#ation of paralysis in ne4born #ice. 3hey are 2

serotypes of Co$sac6ie 8 and serotypes of Co$sac6ie ;.

QTU /iruses /iruses BC*" abbreviated na#e fro# Bnglish 4ords:

Bnteric Cytopatogenic < *u#an K"rphans.K 3hey are 2-

serotypes.


Deneral characteristics of the fa#ily icornaviridae+ classification.

Structure and che#ical co#position of enteroviruses.

Sensitivity of enteroviruses to physical and che#ical factors.

8ntigenic structure of enteroviruses.

Cultivation and features of reproduction in sensitive cells.

athogenesis+ clinical #anifestations and i##unogenesis of polio#yelitis+

Co$sac6ie virus and BC*"virus infection.

rinciples and #ethods of laboratory diagnosis of enteroviruses infections.

rinciples of specific prevention of enteroviral infections.Co#parison of live

and inactivated poliovaccines.


27/52


@or# a sche#e of the laboratory diagnosis of enteroviruses infections.

3a6e account of the results of serological and virological diagnosis of

polio#yelitis (de#onstration). Study the preparations for diagnosis+ specific prevention and therapy of

enteroviruses infections.


In practice the students study the biological properties of icornaviridae

fa#ily+ Bnterovirus genera and so#e of it7s representatives (poliovirus+ Co$sac6ie

viruses and BC*" viruses). 3he students #a6e the schee#e of diagnosis of

enterovirus diseases. Students lean the cythopathic effect of polioviruses in cellcultures at the de#onstrational preparations and perfor# serological identification

of enteroviruses selected fro# a ill child 4ith suspicion of polio#yelitis. 8t the

sa#e ti#e the students study the differentiation of K4ildK and attenuated strains of

polioviruses 4ith C+ B%IS8+ 3 4ith #onoclonal antibodies.

;entonite test is used for type I of oliovirus (virulent polioviruses have

characteristic as 8bent() and avirulent as 8bent(N) V.

3hey acco#plish accounting of co#ple#ent fi$ation test for serological

diagnosis of polio#yelitis. 3he student 4rite do4n the results of co#pleted tas6s

and teacher signs it.


Tas 1. 3he students #a6e up a sche#e of laboratory diagnostics of

enteroviruses infections and dra4 it to protocol. under the guidance of teachers+

Tas ". 3o identify the unchanged cells culture (control) on the

de#onstration preparations and cytopathic effect of poliovirus as type of co#pletedegeneration. =ra4 a #icroscopic pictures to the protocol.

unchanged cells culture cytopathic effect of poliovirus

2ifferentiation of enteroviruses )ith cytopathic effect


28/52

irus CB

oliovirus N

Co$sac6ie W

Co$sac6ie X N

QTU N

Tas &. ;y de#onstration preparation to ta6e account of the virus

neutrali&ation test for serological identification of viruses isolated fro# an ill child

4ith suspicion of polio#yelitis.

Tas ,. 3o ta6e account of co#ple#ent fi$ation test for serological

diagnosis of polio#yelitis.

Tas 0. 3o study the preparation for diagnosis+ specific prevention of

Bnterovirus infections. Students 4rite co#pleted tas6s to the protocol.

6. uestions for self7control.

Ghat type of nucleic acid does icornoviridae contain

Ghat structure do picornoviruses have

Ghat are the defining features of Bnterovirus genera

Ghat viruses does genera Bnterovirus include

Ghat is the antigenic structure of enteroviruses

Gtat #ethods of cultivation of Bnterovirus can be used

Ghat are the stages of interaction bet4een enteroviruses and sensitive cells

*o4 #any serological types of polio viruses are there

Ghat is the pathogenesis of polio#yelitis

Ghat are the #ethods of laboratory diagnosis of polio#yelitis

Ghat vaccines can be used for prevention of polio#yelitis Ghat are the

positive properties and negative properties of live and inactivated vaccines

Ghat are the criteria for differentiation bet4een Co$sac6ie 8 viruses and

Co$sac6ie ; virusesPractical course "1

Thee: ;erpesviruses* adenoviruses. The la$oratory diagnostics of diseases

caused $y ;erpesviruses and !denoviruses infectionsE

1. Topic relevance:

*u#an pathogenic =8 viruses belong to the si$ fa#ilies: 8denoviridae+

*erpesviridae+ arvoviridae+ o$sviridae+ *epadnaviridae+ apovaviridae.

Co#pared 4ith the 8 viruses the =8 viruses are #ore geneticallyconservative 4hich #eans less variable and usually persist in the host organis# for

a long ti#e. 3he #ost of =8 viruses are reproducing in the nucleuses of cells.


29/52

3he representatives of the fa#ily 8denoviridae are the pathogenic agents of

infectious diseases of respiratory tracts and other organs of hu#an+ #on6eys+

cattle+ dogs+ #ice and birds.

". The specific ais:

1. 3o create the sche#e of laboratory diagnostic of adenoviruses infections andherpesviruses.

1. 3o assess the indirect he#agglutination reaction perfor#ed 4ith the purpose of

serological diagnostics of adenoviruses infectious.

2. 3o learn the cytopathic effect caused by herpesvisuses.

. 3o learn the #edication used for the diagnostic and specific prophyla$is of

adenoviruses infections and herpesviruses.

&. The general no)ledge* a$ilities* sills necessary for thee learning

(the inter7disciplines integration. Please see the practical course 16.

,. The tass for self7study )or during the preparation to the classes.

,.1 The list of the ain ters* paraeters* characteristics )hich

should $e learnt $y the student during the preparation to the classes:

3he ter# 3he definition

1 2

=8 viruses 3he hu#an pathogenic viruses 4hich contain the

deo$yribonucleic acid (=8) belong to the si$ fa#ilies:

8denoviridae+ *erpesviridae+ arvoviridae+ o$sviridae+

*epadnaviridae+ apovaviridae.

*erpesviruses 3he fa#ily *erpesviridae includes the subfa#ilies:

8lphaherpesvirinae+ ;ethaherpesvirinae+ Da##aherpes

virinae.

1 2

8denoviruses

infections

3he fa#ily 8denoviridae is divided to the t4o genus:

Mastadenovirus < #a##als7 adenoviruses+ including #ore

than ! serovariants caused the hu#an diseases+

8viadenovirus < 1! serovariants caused the birds7 diseases.

!.2. The theoretical /uestions for the classes:

3he general characteristic of =8 viruses+ its classification.

3he #orphology and particularity of reproduction of *erpesviruses and

8denoviruses.


30/52

Cultivation.

3he pathogenesis+ clinical sy#pto#s and i##unogenesis of *erpesviruses and

8denoviruses infection.

3he principles and #ethods of laboratory diagnostics of *erpesviruses and


3he principles of treat#ent and prophyla$is of adenoviruses and herpesviruses

infections.

!.. The practical tass )hich are $eing perfored during the classes:

1. 3o create the sche#e of laboratory diagnostic of *erpesviruses and

8denoviruses infections.

2. 3o investigate the results of reproduction of *erpesviruses and

8denoviruses assessing the cytopathic effect.

. 3o study the sche#e of e$peri#ent and assess the indirect

he#agglutination reaction perfor#ed 4ith the purpose of serological diagnostics ofadenoviruses infections.

!. 3o fa#iliari&e 4ith the diagnostic+ treat#entprophilactic #edications

prescribed for *erpesviruses and 8denoviruses infection.

0. The content of thee:

"n the practical course the students are studying the *erpesviruses and

8denoviruses classification+ its #orphological structure+ the cultivation+ the

particularity of reproductionA the role of 8denoviruses and *erpesviruses in the

hu#an pathology+ the pathogenesis and i##unogenesis of diseasesA #ethods oflaboratory diagnostics of 8denoviruses and *erpesviruses infectionA principles of

treat#ent+ prophyla$is of 8denoviruses and *erpesviruses infectionA are studying

the for#ation of sy#plast caused by the *erpesvirusesA are assessing the indirect

he#agglutination reaction perfor#ed 4ith the purpose of serological diagnostics of

adenoviruses infectionsA are learning the #edications used for the diagnostic and

specific prophyla$is of 8denoviruses infections and *erpesviruses. 3he co#pleted

tas6s students are noting to the protocol and after4ards present the protocol to the

teacher for the signature obtaining.

ecoendations on the protocol copletion

;uan ;erpesvirus (;; classification

Subfa#ily Denus a#e athophysiology

8lpha

herpes

virinae

Si#ple$

/irus

*erpes si#ple$

virus1 (*S/1)

"ral herpes+ as 4ell as

other herpes si#ple$

infections

*erpes si#ple$virus2 (*S/2) Denital herpes+ as 4ellas other herpes

si#ple$ infections
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_herpeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_herpeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_herpeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_herpeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_herpeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genital_herpes


31/52

/aricellovirus /aricella &oster

virus(/Y/)

Chic6enpo$and

shingles

;eta

herpes

virinae

Cyto#egalovi

rus

Cyto#egalovirus

(CM/)

Infectious

#ononucleosisli6e

syndro#e+ retinitis+

etc.oseolovirus oseolovirus+

*erpes

ly#photropic

virus (**/)

Si$th disease (roseola

infantu#or e$anthe#

subitu#)

oseolovirus

(**/,)

Da##a

herpes

virinae

%y#phocrypto

virus

Bpstein;arr

virus(B;/)+ ly#

phocryptovirus

Infectious

#ononucleosis+

;ur6ittOs ly#pho#a+CS ly#pho#ain

8I=Spatients+

posttransplant

ly#phoproliferative

syndro#e(3%=)+

nasopharyngeal

carcino#a+ *I/

associated hairy

leu6opla6ia

hadinovirus FaposiOs sarco#a

associated

herpesvirus

(FS*/)

FaposiOs sarco#a+

pri#ary effusion

ly#pho#a+ so#e

types of #ulticentric

Castle#anOs disease

The ain properties of ;erpesviruses

1. Icosahedral sy##etry of nucleocapsidA

2. %arge viruses 1'2' n# in dia#eterA enveloped 4ith lipid bilayer#e#braneA

. %inear =8geno#esencoding 12 genesA #olecular 4eight '!0! #llion

daltonsA

!. Capsid consists of 12 capso#eres: 1' he$onsA 12 pentons on the topsA

'. 3egu#ent < protein layer called containing both viral proteins and viral

#8sA

. May persist a long ti#e in the nervous syste#.

The ain properties of !denoviruses.

1. Icosahedral sy##etry of nucleocapsidA

2. Capsid consists of 2'2 capso#eres: 2! he$onsA 12 pentons 4ith fibers

associated 4ith each pentonA. =oublestranded linear =8geno#eA encoding genes.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_zosterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseolovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_herpesvirus_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseola_infantumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseola_infantumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseolovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkitt's_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_central_nervous_system_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_leukoplakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_leukoplakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleman's_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varicella_zoster_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chickenpoxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herpes_zosterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytomegalovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retinitishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseolovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_herpesvirus_6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseola_infantumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseola_infantumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseolovirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epstein-Barr_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_mononucleosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkitt's_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_central_nervous_system_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transplant_lymphoproliferative_disorderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_leukoplakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hairy_leukoplakiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcoma-associated_herpesvirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaposi's_sarcomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_effusion_lymphomahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castleman's_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipid_bilayerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genomehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA


32/52

#chee of la$oratory diagnostics of !denoviruses infections.

1.Isolation and

identification of virus

Z

Sa#ples fro# the patient

[ [

*u#an and #on6ey pri#ary and

passaging cell cultures. [

' 1! days

[ [

@luorescencerhinocytoscopy

Cytopath

ic effect

(CB)

Serological

identification

1.eaction of

neutrali&ationA

2.eaction of inhibition of

he#agglutination

2.Serological

diagnostics

air seru#s sa#ples of the patient

1. eaction of neutrali&ation ()A

2. Co#ple#ent fi$ation test (C@t)A

. eaction of inhibition of he#agglutinationA

!. eaction of indirect he#agglutination.

. Denetic diagnostics C

#chee of la$oratory diagnostics of ;erpesviruses infections.

#aples )hich contain viruses

9. Microscopy

R) =etection of

intranuclear inclusions

(Faudri bodies) in the

s4abi#pressionsA

b) =etection of specificantigene using direct

and indirect #ethods of

i##unofluorescence.

99. 9solation of virus

F F F

In the cell

culture

(assessing

CB)

Chic6 e#bryo.

(pla5ue appearance

on the a#niochorial

surface)

;iological test

[ [ [ Identification of isolated virus

[ [

i##unofluorescence reaction of neutrali&ationA

[ [

=iagnosis: herpesvirus infection.

999. #erological diagnostics: detection of antibodies titer increasing in + C@3+

reaction of inhibition of he#agglutination+ reaction of direct he#agglutination.

Medications for herpes virus treatent and prophyla+is:


33/52

#odified nucleosides 4hich inhibit the virus replication (interferon inductors+

acyclovir)A

ga##aglobulins against the /aricella &oster virusA

i##uno#odulators (%eva#isole).

/accines:

inactivated vaccine of *erpes virus strains of I and II typesA alive attenuated vaccine against the hu#an cyto#egalovirus.

Medications for treatent and prophyla+is of !denoviruses infections.

o interferonA

o =8seA

o "$olin oint#ent and etc.A

o 8live vaccines fro# !+,+21 serotypes (already proposed).

Tas 1. 3o assess the results of passive he#agglutination reaction perfor#ed

4ith the purpose of serological diagnostics of adenoviruses infections (thede#ostration).

Co##ents: 4Ed < the 4or6ing dilution

C (B=) < the control of erythrocytic diagnosticu#

lease #a6e the conclusion.

Tas ". 3o learn the changes in cells developed as a result of herpes virus

and adenovirus reproduction. lease dra4 the picture to the protocol.

3he sy#plast for#ation ;unchshaped

caused by herpes viruses destruction caused by

adenoviruses

6. uestions for the self7control:

3he general characteristic of =8 viruses+ its classification.

3he #orphology and particularity of reproduction of *erpesviruses and8denoviruses.

Cultivation.


34/52

3he pathogenesis+ clinical sy#pto#s and i##unogenesis of *erpesviruses and


3he principles and #ethods of laboratory diagnostics of *erpesviruses and


3he principles of treat#ent and prophyla$is of adenoviruses and herpesviruses

infections.

Practical course ""

Thee: !gents of viral hepatitis. Ba$oratory diagnostics of viral hepatitisE

1. Topic relevance:

/iral hepatitis (/*) \ group of the diseases+ 4hich are caused by

different types of viruses+ characteri&ed by different #echanis#s of trans#ission of

infection and difference in pathogenesis+ but due to their tropis# to hepatocytes are

si#ilar in #ain clinical sy#pto#s (jaundice+ into$ication+ hepato#egaly+

spleno#egaly).

3he great increase in incidence of viral hepatitis is #ar6ed over the past

decade+ in particular by parenteral trans#ission. It is believed that about 1 billion

people on the planet infected 4ith at least one of the viruses+ 4hich caused viral

hepatitis. 8ccording to official infor#ation /* ta6e second place after influen&a


35/52

and other acute respiratory infections by the nu#ber of affected+ they greatly

outnu#bered the# by the nu#ber of severe+ econo#ic costs+ resulting in death.

8nd this despite the fact that anicteric for#s 4hich are often passed by the doctors.

er one day the /* and their co#plications caused e5ual nu#ber of deaths to

those caused by 8I=S per year. 3o stop /* e$pansion is one of the Gorld *ealth

"rgani&ation priority tas6s.3he role in the pathology of liver is currently established for at least

viruses (8 B and D). ecent studies of the socalled hepatitis @ virus allo4ed

affir#ed its heterogeneity+ so ter# *@/ is no longer in use. articipation of

recently described viruses 33/ and SB+ and so#e ani#al viruses (e6ing duc6s+

Canadian forestry #ar#ot et al.) in hu#an pathology and the possible degree of

organ da#age is under debate.

In the class students are given the opportunity to get ac5uainted 4ith the

#ethods of diagnosis of viral hepatitis+ particularly 4ith B%IS8. 8ttention is paid

to identifying of diagnostic #ar6ers of viral hepatitis.Fno4ledge about the characteristics of viral hepatitis causative agents+ the

ability to choose ade5uate #ethods of laboratory diagnosis of viral hepatitis and to

interpret the results are necessary for the for#ation of studentsO understanding of

the #ethods for diagnosis of viral diseases.

". The specific ais:

3o analy&e the biological properties of viral hepatitis causative agents.

3o e$plain the role of causative agents of viral hepatitis in hu#an pathology.

3o treat #ethods for diagnosis of viral hepatitis+ to #a6e conclusions by results.

3o analy&e the preparations 4hich are used for specific prophyla$is of viral

hepatitis.

&. The general no)ledge* a$ilities* sills necessary for thee learning

(the inter7disciplines integration. Please see the practical course 16.


,.1 The list of the ain ters* paraeters* characteristics )hich should $elearnt $y the student during the preparation to the classes:


1 2

/iral hepatitis /iral hepatitis (/*) \ a group of diseases caused by

different viruses+ characteri&ed by different trans#ission

#echanis#s and pathogenesis+ but all of the# are

hepatotropic pathogens 4hich can be si#ilar in cause ofthe #ajor clinical sy#pto#s (jaundice+ into$ication+

hepatospleno#egaly).


36/52

8ustralian antigen 8ustralian antigen \ original na#e of the surface

antigen of hepatitis ; virus e$isted prior to discovering

of hepatitis ; virus and its antigens. 3he ter# originated

because of discovery of this antigen in seru# of

8ustralian aborigines. %ater it 4as identified as the

antigenic co#ponent of the hepatitis ; virus *;s8g.

=iagnostic #ar6ers =iagnostic #ar6ers (#ar6ers of infection) \ antigens+

antibodies and nucleic acids of viruses+ detection of

4hich allo4s to deter#ine the etiology of viral hepatitis

and E or the presence of the virus+ to characteri&e the

progress of infection+ to predict its result+ to evaluate the

effectiveness of treat#ent+ to perfor# a retrospective

analysis of the previous #eeting 4ith the virus that

causes hepatitis+ and to esti#ate a level of postvaccination i##unity.

/iral persistence /iral persistence

\ a presence of the virus in

functionally active condition in cells of an organis# or

cell cultures for longer periods then during typical acute

infections. Infections caused by this pheno#enon are

6no4n as persistent viral infections.

apid+

i##unochro#atgraphicassays for the detection

of *;s8g and anti

*;s

apid+ i##unochro#atgraphic assays for the detection

of *;s8g and anti*;s allo4 to obtain research results4ithin '1' #inutes 4ithout using the co#ple$

laboratory e5uip#ent. 3he basis of the test is a

nitrocellulose #e#brane on the surface of 4hich *;s or

antigens encoded by *C/ 8 are fir#ly sorbed. 3he

process contains ne$t stages: the binding of *;s8g or

anti*C/ 4e are loo6ing for+ the 4ashing and addition

of conjugate (for e$a#ple anti*;s #ar6ed 4ith

colloidal gold+ an en&y#e or #ar6ed antiseru# that

presipitate IgD)+ the presence of #ar6ers is defined bythe corresponding substrate.

Droups of ris6 3he group of ris6\ a part of population united by

principle of high probability of conta#ination by various

infection diseases because of #ore often+ close and

durable contacts 4ith the pathogen.

*epatitis viruses *epatitis viruses \ viruses that can cause specific injury

of liver < hepatitis. Its belong to different ta$ono#ic

groups and have different biological properties but can

cause hu#an hepatitis. 3he #ost co##on causative

agents of viral hepatitis are the hepatitis 8virus+ hepatitis

; virus+ hepatitis C virus+ hepatitis = virus or delta
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Ahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_D


37/52

hepatitis virus+ hepatitis Bvirus+ hepatitis D virus and

hepatitis @ virus. B$istence of other unidentified

hepatitis viruses is being considered.

,.". The theoretical /uestions for the classes:

"bligate and facultative pathogens of viral hepatitis+ their properties and

classification.

/iral hepatitis 8. Btiology+ epide#iology+ pathogenesis+ clinical

#anifestations. Characteristics of laboratory diagnostics. Specific prevention+

postinfectious and postvaccination i##unity.

*epatitis ; virus structure specifics. Characteristics of antigens.

eproduction.

Bpide#iology+ pathogenesis and clinical picture of hepatitis ;.

ostinfectious i##unity. %aboratory diagnosis . =yna#ics of the appearance ofserological #ar6ers of hepatitis ;. 3he interpretation of serological data.

revention and treat#ent of hepatitis ;.

/iral hepatitis C: etiology+ epide#iology+ pathogenesis+ clinical sy#pto#s.

%aboratory diagnostics. Specific prevention+ postinfectious and postvaccination

i##unity.

/iral hepatitis =: etiology+ epide#iology+ pathogenesis+ clinical sy#pto#s.


i##unity.

/iral hepatitis B: etiology+ epide#iology+ pathogenesis+ clinical sy#pto#s.


i##unity.

Causative agents of /iral hepatitis D+ 33/+ Sen/.

!.. The practical tass )hich are $eing perfored during the classes:

1. 3o study the classification and differential properties of the hepatitis

viruses.

2. 3o assess results of laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis ; by B%IS8. Ma6e aconclusion.

. @a#iliari&e 4ith the diagnostic test syste#s+ treat#ent and preventive

#edications that are used for hepatitis.

0. The content of thee:

In practice+ students are introduced to #odern #ethods of laboratory diagnosis of

viral hepatitisA ac5uainted 4ith en&y#e i##unoassay #ethod for diagnosis of

hepatitis ;A ac5uainted 4ith drugs for specific prevention of hepatitis 8 and

hepatitis ; (vaccine). Co#pleted protocols are signed by the teacher.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_Ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatitis_E


38/52

ecoendations for design of the protocol

Characteristics of hepatitis virusesCharacteristics

of viruses

*8/ *;/ *C/ *=/ *B/ *D/

3ype of nucleic

acid

ss8(N) ds=8+

circular+

inco#plet

e

ss8(N) ss8+

defective

virus

ss8(N) ss8(N)

Syste#atic

position

icornaviridae *epadnavi

ridae

@laviviridae =eltavirus Caliciviri

dae

@laviviridae

/irion si&e

(n#)

2, ! - 2!

Structure Si#ple Co#ple$ Co#ple$ Co#ple$ Si#ple Co#ple$

Cultivation in

the cell culture

*epato#a

cells

*epato#a

cells

] ] ]

athogenicityfor ani#als

Chi#pan&ees+#ar#o&ets

Chi#pan&ees Chi#pan&ees Chi#pan&ees Chi#pan&ees

eplication in

hepatocytes

Cytoplas# ucleus Cytoplas# ucleus Cytoplas

#

8ntigenic

variants

/iral specific

antigen

TXs8g+

*;c8g+

*;e8g+

*;$8g

@e4

subtypes

34o for#s:

s#all+ big

*eterogen

eous

@ive

phylogeneti

c groups

"ncogenicity N N N N

8ssociation

4ith other T/

*;/ *C/

*W/+ *;/3he #echanis#

of trans#ission

@ecaloral arenteral+

se$ual

arenteral+

se$ual

arenteral @ecaloral arenteral

@actors of

trans#ission

Gater+ food ;lood+

sper#+

e$retion

fro#

vagina

;lood ;lood Gater+

food

;lood

Droups of ris6 Children =octors+

blood

recipients+

drugusers+

se$ual

partners+

children

of *;/

positive

#others

=octors+

blood

recipients+

drug users+se$ual

partners+

he#odialys

is patients

atients

4ith

hepatitis ;+

doctors+recipients+

drug users

Loung

people

fro#

8sia+8frica

=octors+

blood

recipients+

drug users+se$ual

partners+

he#odialysi

s patients

revention Inactivated

and live

vaccine

1.las#a

vaccine

(fro#

blood ofT;s8g

carriers)

Interferon ot

developed

ot

developed

ot

developed


39/52

2.Denetica

lly

engineere

d

.eco#b

inant fro#

po$virus

Gor 1.3o assess results of laboratory diagnosis of hepatitis ; by B%IS8.

Conclusions: 81+ B+ D2 < seropositive sa#ples.

Gor ".@a#iliari&e 4ith preparations for the specific prophyla$is of viral

hepatitis.

1. Co#bined vaccine for hepatitis 8 and hepatitis ; prevention 3GII^.

2. eco#binant yeast vaccine for the specific prophyla$is of viral hepatitis

X < BDBI^.

6. uestions for the self control

Specify 4hich hepatitis ; virus antigens can be detected in the seru# of

patients 4ith viral hepatitis ;. Ghich hepatitis ; virus antigens can be

detected only in hepatocytes Ghich #ar6ers of acute hepatitis ; can be detected in the blood of the

patient

Ghich #ar6ers of acute hepatitis 8 can be detected in the blood of the

patient

Ghich #ar6er can be detected in blood after vaccination against hepatitis ;

Ghat #edications are used for specific prophyla$is of hepatitis ;

Ghat is the #ini#u# infectious dose of hepatitis ; virus during parenteral

enters Ghich hepatitis viruses can cause the develop#ent of pri#ary hepatocellular

carcino#a


40/52

Ghat are the reasons of high percentage of chronic cases and resistance to

antiviral therapy during viral hepatitis C.

Ghat #easures are used for prophyla$is of hepatitis ;

Ghich viral hepatitis can be diagnosed in 6raine Ghat #ethods of

laboratory diagnosis should be used

Ghat viruses are causative agents of viral hepatitis 33/ and Sen Is

registered in 6raine cases of these diseases 8re there any cases of such

diseases registered in 6raine

Practical course "&

Thee: etroviruses. ;9. Ba$oratory diagnosis of ;97infectionE

1. Topic relevance.

8I=S is called the plague of the ^^ century+ 4hich ta6es #ore and #ore

hu#an victi#s. 3o prevent further spreading of *I/ and its i#pact on social and

econo#ic processes in our country the %a4 of 6raine K"n revention of 8c5uired

I##une =eficiency Syndro#e (8I=S) and social protectionK 4as approved+ the

progra# of 8I=S prevention and drug addiction 4as approved and i#ple#ented+

the progra# KSafety of donor bloodK 4as introduced.

Bvery day+ an esti#ated 2' young people are ne4ly infected 4ith *I/+

according to a global report on *I/ prevention. 8c5uired i##une deficiencysyndro#e or ac5uired i##unodeficiency syndro#e (8I=S) is a disease of the

hu#an i##une syste#caused by the hu#an i##unodeficiency virus(*I/). 3he
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV


41/52

illness interferes 4ith the i##une syste# #a6ing people 4ith 8I=S #uch #ore

li6ely to get infections+ including opportunistic infectionsand tu#orsthat do not

affect people 4ith 4or6ing i##une syste#s. In 20+ the Gorld *ealth

"rgani&ation(G*") esti#ated that there are +! #illion people 4orld4ide living

4ith *I/E8I=S+ 4ith 2+, #illion ne4 *I/ infections per year and

2+ #illion annual deaths due to 8I=S. Monthly *I/E(8I=S)infection involved#ore than 1+2 6rainian citi&ens. 6raine has one of the highest rates of

increase of *I/E8I=S cases in Bastern Burope. 8ll this sho4 the relevance of

lessons topic and create positive #otivation for its learning.

2. The specific ais:

1. 3o learn the basic biological properties of retroviruses.

2. 3o learn #odern #ethods of laboratory diagnosis of *I/ infection and

8I=S.

. 3o analy&e the prospects of effective antiretroviral therapy drugs creatingand #odern approaches to prevention and treat#ent of *I/ infection.

&. The general no)ledge* a$ilities* sills necessary for thee learning (the

inter7disciplines integration. Please see the practical course 16.


,.1. The list of the ain ters* paraeters* characteristics )hich should $elearnt $y the student during the preparation to the classes:


1 2

*I/infection *I/infection < a disease caused by hu#an

i##unodeficiency virus (*I/).

8I=S 8I=S < final stage of *I/ infection+ characteri&ed by

various pathological sy#pto#s+ caused by a deep lesion ofthe i##une syste# by *I/.

evertase (reverse

transcriptase+ 8

dependent =8

poly#erase)

evertase (reverse transcriptase+ 8dependent =8

poly#erase) < en&y#e that is directly lin6ed to viral 8+

it defines the strategy of the geno#e in the cell+ providing

so#e stages of viruses reproduction (creates a copy of

=8 using viral 8 as the #atri$).

Screening Screening (in the case of *I/ < study of seru# of so#e

people populations (donors+ pregnant 4o#en+ drug users

etc.)+ for the purpose of identifying sera that 4ith high

probability contain antiviral antibodies and e$clusion of

sera that contain no specific antiviral antibodies.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opportunistic_infectionshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe


42/52

8I=Sassociated

diseases

8I=Sassociated diseases < diseases that occur in the later

stages of *I/infection and are considered as the

sy#pto#s of 8I=S.

oly#erase chain

reaction (C)

oly#erase chain reaction (C) < #ethod of detection

and identification of viruses and bacteria in the

investigated #aterials. 3he principle of the #ethod isbased on nu#erous copying (selective a#plification) of

target nucleic acid by the en&y#e =8poly#erase.

,.". The theoretical /uestions for the classes:

Deneral characteristic and classification of oncogenic viruses.

/irusgenetic tu#or for#ation theory by %.8. Yilber. Mechanis#s of viral

carcinogenesis.

Morphology and che#ical co#position of hu#an i##unodeficiency virus.

3ypes of *I/. "rigin and evolution of *I/. eculiarities of the geno#e.

Cultivation of *I/+ stages of interaction bet4een viruses and susceptible cells.

3arget cells for *I/ in hu#ans+ characteristics of the viral surface receptors.

3he #echanis# of i##unodeficiency. 8I=Sassociated pathologies

(opportunistic infections and tu#ors).

Methods of laboratory diagnosis of 8I=S (i##unological+ genetic).

rospects for specific prevention and therapy of *I/ infection.

,.&. The practical tass )hich are $eing perfored during the classes:

1. 3o 4rite the sche#e of the laboratory diagnosis of *I/infection into the

protocol.

2. 3o assess the results of laboratory diagnosis of *I/infection by B%IS8 and

to #a6e conclusions.

. @a#iliar 4ith the diagnostic test syste#s+ #edicalprophylactic #edications

used in case of *I/infection.

0. The content of the thee.

"n the practice+ students are introduced to the basic of classification and

biological properties of retroviruses+ #orphological+ physicoche#ical properties+

ultrastructure and antigenic structure of *I/+ laboratory diagnostics and specific

prevention and treat#ent of *I/ infection prospects. Students e$a#ine and

analy&e the sche#e of poly#erase chain reaction (C) 4ith the purpose of the

laboratory diagnosis of *I/E8I=S as 4ell as its #odification+ 4hich provides a

5uantitative deter#ination of *I/ 8 in blood of patients. %earn principles of

4estern blot. 8ssess the results of laboratory diagnosis of *I/infection by

B%IS8.

=uring co#posing the sche#e of the laboratory diagnosis of *I/ infection

and 8I=S+ students use the 6no4ledge ac5uired during selftraining and in the


43/52

process of consideration of the topic in class. In addition+ students are ac5uainted

4ith drugs used for laboratory diagnosis of *I/infection. Co#pleted protocols are

signed by the teacher.

ecoendations for design of the protocol Students learn and enter the classification of retroviruses into the protocol

Students learn and enter the sche#e of the laboratory diagnosis of

*I/E8I=S into the protocol

Students assess the results of laboratory diagnosis of *I/infection by

B%IS8

Students characteri&e and add to the protocol the #ain drugs used for

treat#ent of *I/E8I=S

Classification of retroviruses (etroviridae faily

Denus epresentatives

8lpharetrovirus ous sarco#a virus+ avian leu6osis virus+ and avian

#yeloblastosis virus.

;etaretrovirus M ouse #a##ary tu#our virus+ Masonfi&er #on6ey

virus

Da##aretrovirus @eline leu6e#ia virus+ # urine leu6e#ia virus

=eltaretrovirus ;ovine leu6e#ia virus+ h u#an 3ly#photropic virus

(*3%/1+ *3%/2)Bpsilonretrovirus Galleye epider#al hyperplasia virus

%entivirus *I/+ s i#ian i##unodeficiency virus+ f eline

i##unodeficiency virus+p u#a lentivirus+ e 5uine

infectious ane#ia+b ovine i##unodeficiency virus+

c aprine arthritis encephalitis virus+ Maedi/isna virus

Spu#avirus Si#ian foa#y virus+ h u#an foa#y virus

Gor 1.3o 4rite the sche#e of the laboratory diagnosis of *I/ E 8I=S in theprotocol.

Sche#e of the laboratory diagnosis of *I/E8I=S
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_leukosis_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avian_myeloblastosis_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avian_myeloblastosis_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_mammary_tumour_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mason-Pfizer_monkey_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mason-Pfizer_monkey_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_leukemia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_leukemia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_leukemia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye_epidermal_hyperplasia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_lentivirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprine_arthritis_encephalitis_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian_foamy_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_foamy_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rous_sarcoma_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avian_leukosis_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avian_myeloblastosis_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Avian_myeloblastosis_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouse_mammary_tumour_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mason-Pfizer_monkey_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mason-Pfizer_monkey_virus&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_leukemia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murine_leukemia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_leukemia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_T-lymphotropic_virus_2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walleye_epidermal_hyperplasia_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIVhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feline_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puma_lentivirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equine_infectious_anemiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bovine_immunodeficiency_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprine_arthritis_encephalitis_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simian_foamy_virushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_foamy_virus


44/52

Gor ". 3o assess the results of laboratory diagnosis of *I/infection by

B%IS8.

Conclusions: 81+ B+ D2 < seropositive sa#ples.

Gor &.3o read and add to the protocol the #ain drugs used for treat#ent

of *I/E8I=S.

1. ucleoside analog of reverse transcription inhibitors (&idovudine+

la#ivudine+ stavudine etc.).

2. onnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (efaviren&+ nevirapine+

delavirdine etc.).. rotease inhibitors (indinavir+ ritonavir+ WX_,-).

Indication of *I/ or its

co#ponents in the

#aterial fro# the patients

=etection of antiviral

antibodies

=etection of specific

changes in the

i##une syste#

-polymerase chain

reaction-ELISA

-Isolation of HIV from

clinical material on the

primary and stable cell

cultures of lymphocytes

-electronic microscopy

- indirect ELISA

- western blot(protein

immunoblot)- immunofluorescence

reaction

- latex alutination

reaction

- radioimmunoprecipitation

assay

- determination of

the !" cells number

- determination ofthe ratio of !-helpers

and ! suppressors

- #uantification of

interleu$in-% and

amma-interferon


45/52

6. uestions for the self7control:

Ghat is the structure of hu#an i##unodeficiency virus

Ghat are the en&y#es *I/ has

Ghich cell receptor interacts 4ith *I/

Ghat physical factors are har#ful to *I/

Ghat are the violations of cellular i##unity observed in patients 4ith 8I=S

Ghat are the #echanis#s of *I/ trans#ission

In 4hich biological fluids antibodies to *I/ can

Practical course ",

Thee: =inal odule control 1E

3*B %IS3 "@ 3*B `8S3I"S 3" @I8% M"=%B C"3"% 1

MA2HB- 1. Morphology+ physiology and genetics of #icroorganis#s.

8ntibiotics. Infection. I##unity. Deneral and Special virology.

Semantic module 1. Introduction to microbiology.

1. =efinition of #icrobiology as a science. @ields of #icrobiology. Subject and

tas6s of #edical #icrobiology. 3he #ain features and trends of #odern

#icrobiology.

2. =iscovering of the #icroorganis#s by 8ntonie van %eeu4enhoe6. Stages of the

#icrobiology develop#ent. 3he contribution of %ouis asteur and obert Fochto #icrobiology.

. @or#ation of the #ajor directions of #icrobiological science. ole of =.

Sa#oilovych+ B. enner+ I.I. Mechni6ov+ =.L. Ivanovs6iy+ . Bhrlich+ S.M

/inograds6iy+ B. ;ehring+ D. a#on+ @.8. %osch+ D. =o#ag6+ 8. @le#ing+ =.F.

Yabolotniy+ %.8. Yilber+ /.M. Yhdanov+ M.. Chu#a6ov+ @. ;urnett and other

scientists. 3he develop#ent of #icrobiology in the 6raine.

Semantic module 2. Morphology and structure of prokaryotic and

eukaryotic unicellular parasites. Staining of the microorganisms. Microscopy.1. 3he #ain differences bet4een pro6aryotes and eu6aryotes. @or#s of bacteria

4ith the cell 4all synthesis defect+ protoplasts+ spheroplasts. %for# of bacteria.

2. Morphology and structure of bacteria. 3he role of separate structures for the life

of bacteria in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases. /egetative for#s and

spores.

. Morphology and classification of proto&oa.

!. Classification and #orphology of fungi.

'. 3he #ethods of #icroscopy. roduction of bacteriological slides. =yes and

staining solution+ si#ple and co#ple$ #ethods of painting.. 3he principles of organi&ation+ e5uip#ent and operating #ode in

bacteriological+ serological and virological laboratories.


46/52

,. ;acterioscopic #ethod. Stages.

Semantic module 3. Physiology of microorganisms (prokaryotes).

!olution and classification of microorganisms.

1. 3ypes and #echanis#s of #icroorganis#s nutrition. Mechanis#s of penetration

of nutrients into bacterial cells. 3he che#ical co#position of #icroorganis#s.3he value of the co#ponents. Dro4th #edia and re5uire#ents for the#.

Classification of gro4th #edia+ 4hich are used in #icrobiology.

2. espiration of #icroorganis#s. 8erobic and anaerobic types of respiration.

Bn&y#es and structures of the cells involved in the process of respiration.

Methods of cultivation of anaerobic bacteria.

3. Bn&y#es of #icroorganis#s and their role in #etabolis#. ole of en&y#es in

differentiation of bacteria. Bn&y#es pathogenicity.

". Dro4th and 4ays reproduction of bacteria. 3he #echanis# of cell division+

phases of bacteria culture #ultipl

chapter 3 infectious diseases

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