chapter 3 geographical profile of the …shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/40603/8/12...48...

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Chapter 3

Geographical Profile of the Ambedkarnagar District

3.1 Historical Background

The district of Ambedkarnagar was formed from the Faizabad district by the

then Chief Minister Ms. Mayawati on September 29, 1995. The district was named

Ambedkarnagar in the memory of the father of the Indian constitution, Dr. Bhim Rao

Ambedkar for his work done for the upliftment of the depressed classes, women and

other weaker sections of the society.

3.2 Physical Setting

3.2.1 Location and Boundary

Ambedkarnagar district is located on the North-Eastern part of Uttar Pradesh.

It lies between 26o 09‟ N to 26

o 40‟ N latitudes and 82

o 12‟ E to 83

o 05‟ E longitudes.

It is bounded on the north by Basti and Sant Kabir Nagar districts, on the north-east

by Gorakhpur district, on the south by Sultanpur district, on the west by Faizabad

district and on the east by Azamgarh district (Fig. 3.1). The district has a total area of

2,361 km2 and having a population of 20,26, 876. The total length of the district from

east to west is approximately 75 km and the breadth from north to south is about 42

km.

Administratively, district have four tehsils (sub-divisions) namely, Akbarpur,

Tanda, Alapur, Jalalpur. The district is divided into nine development blocks namely

Akbarpur, Katehri, Bhiti, Tanda, Baskhari, Ramnagar, Jalalpur, Jahangirganj and

Bhiyaon (District Planning Map, 2005).

3.2.2 Relief and Structure

The district of Ambedkarnagar forms a part of the central Ganga basin. There

are many opinions regarding the age of this basin. According to Edward Suess, it is a

fore deep formed in the front of the resistant mass of the peninsula when the Thythyan

sediments were thrusted southward and compressed against them.

49

Source: NATMO, New Delhi, 2010.

Fig. 3.1: Study Area

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In another view it is a sag in the crust formed between northward drifting

Indian continent and the comparatively soft sediments accumulated in the Tythyan

basin when the latter were crumpled up and lifted up into mountain system (Krishnan,

S.S., 1915). Sir Sydney Burrad (1915), considered it to be a rift valley bounded by

parallel faults on either side. Another view, at present, is that it has been formed by

buckling down of northern border of the peninsular shield beneath the sediments

thrust over it from the north. Stratigraphically, the Ganga basin is built up of layers of

sands and clays filling up a deep depression between the peninsula and the Himalayas.

These bodies of sands and clays were deposited directly on the eroded surface of

Bundelkhand Granitic Basement, which in recent times has been designated as the

Faizabad High.

As far as the thickness of the sediments overlying the Ganga basin is

concerned, different estimations have been made. Oldham estimated the depth of

sediments in Ganga basin between 4,000-6,000 metres, and Burrad considered it 32

km. Based on the investigation by Oil and Natural Gas Commission through

aeromagnetic, ground magnetic and deep wells and structural wells drilled at different

places, the depth of sediment varies from place to place. The Sharda and the Gandak

depression have more than 6,000 metres deep sediments overlying the Vindhyan

formation.

Geologically, the alluvium deposits have been categorized as Khadar and

Bhangar. The Khadar land or newer alluvium is confined to terraces of flood plains

of rivers and their tributaries. They are light in colour and poor in calcareous matter

and composed of chiefly sand, silt and clay. However, the bhangar lands or older

alluvium are the level plain above the flood plain of rivers. The most important

material in bhangar land is clay which at some places becomes loam or sandy loam.

3.2.2.1 Relief Features

Generally, the district consists of a level plain of uniform character. The

variation in flatness is caused by various rivers, streams and drainage channels which

flow along the length of the district from north-west to south-east. Numerous small

depressions (Jhils or lakes) without any natural outlet are found scattered all over the

district (fig. 3.2).

On the basis of its physical appearance the district may be divided into two

units - the lowlands and the uplands.

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The Lowland

The lowlands, which are locally known as Manjha, consist of alluvial deposits

of Ghagra river. The extension of the land is not continous but broken in nature. Their

width varies and is narrow along the northern boundary of Jahangirganj and

Ramnagar blocks and rather extensive along the northern boundary of Baskhari and

Tanda blocks.

The lowlands are bounded by high bank of river Ghagra which is at most

places, clearly defined but fluctuates north and south as a result of erosion and

deposition. This is marked by a large stretch of wasteland in which the thick growth

of Jhao, Tamarisk, and Kaseri provide shelter for wild animals.

Source: NATMO, New Delhi, 2010. Fig. 3.2

The Uplands

Beyond the lowland lie the upland or Bhangar and remain mostly unaffected

by the annual floods. The uniformity of the land is broken by the presence of

numerous lakes, tals (ponds), and tributaries of Ghagra namely Tons-Majohi system.

52

Some patches of usar (saline and alkaline soils) lands are also found in the Tanda and

Bhiti blocks.

3.2.3 Drainage System

The study area has a number of rivers and streams, which follows the general

slope of the land and run from west to east. The principal rivers are the Ghagra, Tons

and Majohi. The Ghagra has its source in snowy peaks in Himalayas while the other

rivers originate from lakes in the plains. The streams of the area are seasonal in nature

and their discharge varies from nothing in hot season to the hundred of cubic metres

per second during rainy seasons. Some important rivers of the district are as:

The Ghagra

It is the main river of the region, and is also known as Sarju or Saryu. The

river rises in Himalayas and enters the Ganga plain where it is known as Karmali. The

river forms a natural boundary with the districts, which are situated at the north border

of the Ambedkarnagar district. Tanda, Jahangirgarj, Ramnagar and Baskhari blocks

are situated at this river and these blocks are fully utilizing the water resource of the

river (Fig. 3.3).

The volume of the water in the river varies from season to season. During the

rainy season, the river attains immense size and floods considerable area, causing

much damage to life, property and standing crops. In the older days, the Ghagra was

the principal waterway of the district but the construction of permanent bridges on the

river and an increase in road transport facilities, the river is no more used for bulk

transportation of goods and population. The Ghagra does not have any important

tributary in the district and receives water from various minor streams.

The Tons

River Tons is the second important river of the district and consist of two

streams i.e. Murha and Bisui. Both join each other near Haripur, a village in Katehri

block of the district. The Murha originates from a lake near Rudauli in Barabanki

district and the Bisui, the southern feeder of the system, has its source of origin in the

district of Sultanpur. The chief tributary of the Tons is Majohi which originates from

a depression in the district and flows eastwards to join the main river in the district of

Azamgarh (Fig. 3.3)

Lakes

There are numerous large and small lakes spread over the district. These lakes

may be divided into two classes on the basis of their origin. First, there are some lakes

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which have originated on account of meandering action of rivers but most of them are

connected with the rivers by small channels.

The second type of lakes consists of those depressions which are connected

with the rivers in which water collects during rainy season, often flooding the

surrounding areas. The remaining lakes are of independent nature without any outlet.

Main lakes in the district are Devhat and Hanswar lakes situated in Baskhari block

and Darvan in Katehri block. These lakes are used in irrigating large areas resulting in

better productivity in the region.


3.2.4 Soils

The soils of the Ambedkarnagar district are alluvium and fall into two types:

the new alluvium and the old alluvium. They are also known as Khadar and Bhangar

respectively. The khadar lands are found in narrow strips along the river Ghagra and

other rivers in the district and vary in texture from sand to silty sand. The bhangar

soils vary from sandy loam to stiff clay depending upon topography and drainage.

Sometimes this soil is characterised by the presence of calcareous concentrations,

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which are called khadar and are found at various depths (fig. 3.4). The soils of the

district may be classified as:

Sandy Soil (Baluva)

The soils of khadar, adjacent to river banks are marked sandy but away from

these banks, it improves in texture and shows an increase in per centage of silt. The

sandy soil is utilized for cultivation of millet and Kharif pulses while the silty sand is

used for the production of millet in Kharif and Barley or Gram in Rabi season.

Loamy Soil (Domat)

This type of soil covers a major portion of the district. The surface soil is

yellow to brown in colour with brownish yellow subsoil. Owing to light and open

texture of the soil, its water retention capacity is low but it can be made capable of

producing good crops if irrigation facilities are provided.

Clayey Loam (Matiyar)

The matiyar soil is characterised by yellowish grey colour at surface and dark

colour in lower horizon. As compared with domat soil, it is rich in clay and its water

retention capacity is high. The calcareous materials are leached down from the surface

at various depths where they are accumulated to form kankar nodules. This soil

responds well to transplanted rice.

Saline and Alkaline Soils (Usar)

The usar soils of the area are to be especially mentioned. The most striking

feature of the soils is the irregularity of their distribution (Fig. 3.4). It is very difficult

to show the extent of these soils as they are interspersed with small pieces of fertile

lands. The Himalayan river and their tributaries have played an important role in the

formation of usar soils in the region. These rivers transport salts in solutions, which

go on percolating into the sub-soil of the region. In those areas, which suffer from low

rainfall and have no proper surface drainage, these salts keep on accumulating by

leaching from the neighbouring regions. During the dry months, the solvable salts are

sucked-up in solution by capillary action to the surface and are deposited there in the

form of white efflorescence. In this way, the lands that have been impregnated with

these salts have been described as usar lands.

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3.2.5 Climate

The climate of the district resembles that of eastern Uttar Pradesh. It is

characterized by a rhythm of seasons, which are produced by south-west and north-

east monsoon. The reversal of winds takes place twice in a year. The climate of the

district may be classified into three distinct seasons.

1. The Cold Weather Season (November to February)

2. The Hot Weather Season (March to Mid June)

3. The Season of Rains (Mid June to October)

The cold weather season prolongs from the month of November to February.

In the month of November, the belt of high pressure extends from north-west India

and covers the whole of the Uttar Pradesh. The temperature beings to decline and the

maximum and minimum are 32.15oC and 8.95

oC respectively, in this month. The

prevailing winds blow from west to east and are influenced by pressure distribution

and pattern of the Himalayas.

However, the months of December and January register decrease both in

maximum and minimum temperature. January is the coldest month of the district,

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which has 25.6oC mean monthly maximum and 4.8

oC mean monthly minimum

temperature. Both in December and January month, the fogs are common which occur

in night and lasts till early morning hours. The month of February records an increase

in temperature. Mean monthly minimum and maximum temperature recorded in this

month are 31.5oC and 6.9

oC respectively (Table 3.1 and fig. 3.5).

The season between March and mid-June is considered as the hot weather

season. The temperature continually increases till May. The mean monthly maximum

temperature ranges between 38oC (March) and 44.3

oC (June), and the mean monthly

minimum temperature varies between 11.25oC (March) and 22.9

oC (June). The winds

blow from the east direction for major part of the day during this season. The

scorching heat of the sun in the month of May and June with fast blowing hot

westerly wind, locally known as Loo becomes unbearable.

Table 3.1. Monthly Maximum-Minimum Temperature and Monthly Average

Rainfall in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010

Month Maximum

Temperature

Minimum

Temperature

Rainfall

January 25.60 4.80 2.42

February 31.50 6.90 1.26

March 38.00 11.25 1.35

April 42.40 16.60 0.55

May 44.30 21.25 1.75

June 43.90 22.90 13.75

July 37.15 23.20 32.30

August 35.50 23.40 32.15

September 35.80 22.55 25.50

October 35.10 16.50 5.76

November 32.15 8.95 0.49

December 28.00 5.90 0.30

Annual - - 17.00 Temperature in Degree Celsius

Rainfall in Millimetres

Source: Meteorological Department, Government of India, 2010.

The season of rains commences from 15 June with the outburst of south-west

monsoon. The advent of monsoon brings a complete change in weather with an

appreciable fall in temperature. The mean monthly maximum temperature ranges

between 37.15oC (July) and 35.1

oC (October) to 23.4

oC (August) during this season.

More than 90 per cent of annual rainfall occurs during season of rains. The month of

July, August and September are accounted for more than 75 percentage of total

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precipitation of the season. The month of July records maximum rainfall (32.30 cm)

and about 50 per cent days of the month receive more than 0.3 mm rainfall each day.

The direction of the wind is generally eastern and north-eastern throughout the rainy

season.


3.2.6 Flora

The district of Ambedkarnagar occupies a very insignificant percentage of

total area under forest cover. It accounts only 0.11 per cent of total area. The

vegetation of the district is spread over the region in the form of scattered patches in

the midst of cultivated land. Generally, they are concentrated along the rivers, drains

(nalas) and to the usar lands. The vegetation consists of the forests, bushes and long

old grasses.

The area under forest shows an uneven spatial distribution. The highest

concentration of forest is found in Tanda block. About 33.33 per cent of the total

forest area of the district is found in this block (Table 3.2). Akbarpur block occupies

the second place with forest concentration of about 25.55 per cent. The block of

Bhiyaon, Bhiti, Jalalpur and Ramnagar have the forest concentration ranging between

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6-10 per cent of the total area under forest. Rest of the blocks has less than 5 per cent

of the total area under the forest cover. The block of Jahangirganj occupies the lowest

concentration of forest cover, i.e. about 0.37 per cent of the total forest area of the

district (Fig. 3.6).

Table 3.2. Area (in hectare) under Forest in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Area

(in Hectare)

Percentage of Total

Forest Area

1. Bhiti 23 8.52

2. Katehri 12 4.44

3. Akbarpur 69 25.56

4. Tanda 90 33.33

5. Baskhari 10 3.70

6. Ramnagar 18 6.67

7. Jahangirganj 01 0.37

8. Jalalpur 21 7.78

9. Bhiyaon 26 9.63

Total 270 100.00

Source: District Statistical Office, Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11.

Fig. 3.6

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3.2.7 Fauna

The mammals, birds, reptiles and fishes usually found in the upper Indo-

Gangetic plain are found in this district. Domestic animals such as Oxen, Horses,

Cows, Buffaloes, Goats, Donkeys, etc., are mainly associated with agriculture. The

number and variety of the wild animals found in the district are not remarkable and

the ordinary species, which occur throughout the region, to the south of the Ghagra,

are found here. Large types of carnivores such as Tiger, Panther, and Leopard are

almost absent. Smaller varieties such as Wolves, Jackals, Foxes, Hyenas, etc., are

usually be found in the scattered patches of jungle in almost all the tahsils (sub-

divisions) and cause occasional havoc for cattle.

Among the herbivorous animals, Orient Deer, Antelope and Nilgai are found

in large numbers in herds. Nilgai is found along the Ghagra and in patches of dhak

jungle, mostly in southern and central parts of Katehri block and in the south-west of

Akbarpur block. It multiplies quickly and causes great damages to crops. The rapidly

multiplying hares and field mice are even more harmful to the crops than the Nilgais,

and become a problem for the cultivators.

The varieties of birds that are generally found in the district are the same as

those found within the adjoining tracts. The most common among these are the House

Crow, Kite and Sparrow. The Weaverbird (Baya), Waxbill (Lal munia), Malposter

cafer (Bulbul), Cuckoo (Koel), the spotted Dove, the ordinary and the green Pigeons

and the Papiha are other garden birds found everywhere in the district. The Indian

Parakeet (Hiraman tota) and the rose-ringed Parakeet, which cause damage to the

mango and guava crops, are found in large numbers and live in big flocks. The

majority of aquatic birds are migratory, various types of ducks such as Lalsar, Saman,

Leda, Ghoghila, Surkhab, Sikhpar and some types of Crane are fairly common, and

visit the lakes of the district at the beginning of the winter and provide ample game

throughout that season.

Fish find an important place in the fauna of the district and are found in

perennial rivers, lakes, ponds and artificial reservoirs. Their main species are Rohu

(Labeo rohita), Moh (Notopterus chitala), Sidhri (Barbus spp.), Mangur (Clarias

mangur), Tengra (Mystus spp.), Sal (Ophiocephalus spp.), Singhi (Heteropneustes

fossilis) and Khursa (Labeo gonius). Prawn (Jhinga) is also abundant in the Ghagra

river during the rainy season.

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Different varieties of snakes both poisonous and non-poisonous, such as the

deadly Cobra, the Russel‟s viper, the harmless Dumuhi, the Phetar, Chital,

Ghorkarait, Gehwan and Dhamin are generally found and a number of people fall

victims to snake-bite every year (U.P. District Gazatteer, Faizabad, 1960).

3.3 Cultural Setting

3.3.1 Population

The most distinctive vision over any landscape is the distributional pattern of

population in spatial context. It plays an important role in the development of a

region. Although the marketing activity is an integral part of the settlement system,

the demographic characteristics also control the market activity of the study area.

With a population of about 2.02 million and an area of 2,361 sq km, the

Ambedkarnagar district is one of the most densely populated districts of the Uttar

Pradesh.

3.3.1.1 Growth of Population

Population growth in an area is an index of its economic development, social

awakening, cultural background, historical events, and political ideology (Chandna,

1980). Table 3.3 highlights the decadal growth of population in the Ambedkarnagar

district in the period 1901-2011.

Table 3.3. Decadal Growth of Population in Ambedkarnagar District

(1901-2011)

Census Year Decadal Growth

(%)

1901 -

1911 _

5.81

1921 + 1.55

1931 + 2.81

1941 + 9.51

1951 + 12.30

1961 + 11.46

1971 + 20.75

1981 + 24.15

1991 + 25.45

2001 + 24.40

2011 + 18.30

Source: District Statistical Office, Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

& Census of India 2011.

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3.3.1.2 Distribution and Density of Population

Table 3.4 shows the distribution of population in the district. It clearly

indicates that there is considerable variation in the number of people living in

different blocks. The main causes for this uneven distribution can be attributed to the

existence of plain and fertile land, the level of urbanization, industrialization and the

facilities of market, transportation and communication. The distribution of population

in each block is controlled by physical conditions and socio-economic causes.

Akbarpur block has the highest share of population (16.56 per cent) of the study area,

followed by Jalalpur (13.80 per cent), Tanda (12.32 per cent), Ramnagar (10.26 per

cent), Katehri (10.03 per cent), Bhiyaon (9.78 per cent), Baskhari (9.53 per cent),

Jahangirganj (9.17 per cent) and Bhiti (8.55 per cent).

Table 3.4. Block wise Distribution of Population, Area and Density of Population in

Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S.

No Block

Area

(km2)

Population Density

(Persons/ km2)

1. Bhiti 209.76 1,73,312

(8.55) 826

2. Katehri 253.33 2,03,340

(10.03) 802

3. Akbarpur 410.52 3,35,680

(16.56) 817

4. Tanda 323.73 2,49,635

(12.32) 771

5. Baskhari 204.31 1,93,140

(9.53) 945

6. Ramnagar 228.04 2,07,975

(10.26) 912

7. Jahangirganj 219.94 1,85,923

(9.17) 845

8. Jalalpur 298.51 2,79,806

(13.80) 937

9. Bhiyaon 212.89 1,98,065

(9.78) 930

Total 2,361.03 20,26,876

(100.00) 858

Figure in bracket shows percentage.


Since, density of population shows the relationship between population and

area, it also refers to the population pressure per unit area. Hence, it is a good

indicator of human concentration. The amount of density varies due to the availability

of favourable conditions in an area such as soil, climate, productivity of land and

water resources, etc.

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Fig. 3.7

The density of the district, as a whole is 858 person per km2, which is greater

than that of the Uttar Pradesh (689) as well as whole India (324). Table 3.4 shows the

block wise density of population in Ambedkarnagar district. It is found that four out

of nine blocks have high density of population, i.e. above 900 person/km2. They are

Baskhari (945), Jalalpur (937), Bhiyaon (930) and Rampur (912). The medium

density population is found in blocks of Jahangirganj (845), Bhiti (826), Akbarpur

(817) and Katehri (802). While only one block i.e., Tanda have low density of

population (less than 700 person/km2) (Fig. 3.7).

3.3.1.3 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population

The presence of social backward classes like scheduled castes and scheduled

tribes in an area indicates the state of development in that area. Table 3.5 and fig. 3.8

and 3.9 shows the block wise population distribution of scheduled castes and

scheduled tribes in the district. It clearly indicated that the total population of

scheduled caste in the district is 4,95,375, which is 24.44 per cent of the total

population. The highest concentration of scheduled caste population is in Tanda

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(31.54 per cent), followed by Jahangirganj (30.89 per cent), Jalalpur (30.41 per cent),

Ramnagar (28.01 per cent), Baskhari (28 per cent), Bhiyaon (26.65 per cent), Katehri

(23.95 per cent), Akbarpur (23.40 per cent) and Bhiti (22.98 per cent).

Table 3.5. Block wise Population of Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe in


S.

No. Block

Total

Population

Scheduled Caste Scheduled Tribe

Population

Share in

total

population

(%)

Population

Share in

total

population

(%)

1. Bhiti 1,73,312 34,404 22.96 37 0.021

2. Katehri 2,03,340 43,041 23.95 3 0.001

3. Akbarpur 3,35,680 73,029 23.40 18 0.005

4. Tanda 2,49,635 71,269 31.54 46 0.018

5. Baskhari 1,93,140 47,463 28.00 - -

6. Ramnagar 2,07,975 51,643 28.01 - -

7. Jahangirganj 1,85,923 50,133 30.89 1 0.000

8. Jalalpur 2,79,806 77,908 30.41 38 0.013

9. Bhiyaon 1,98,065 46,485 26.65 - - Total 20,26,876 4,95,375 24.44 143 0.007


Fig. 3.8

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The share of scheduled tribe population to the total population is very

nominal. It is only 0.01 per cent of the total population. Among the total 9 blocks, 3

blocks do not have any scheduled tribe population. They are Baskhari, Ramnagar and

Bhiyaon. Other blocks having scheduled tribe population are Bhiti (0.02 per cent),

Tanda (0.02 per cent), Akbarpur (0.01 per cent) and Jalalpur (0.01 per cent) (fig. 3.9).

Fig. 3.9

3.3.1.4 Literacy

Literacy is essential for socio-economic development, which indicates overall

development of a region. Literacy unlocks the potential of an individual. Literacy and

development go hand in hand, and the casual relationship between the two is

undisputedly established.

Table 3.6 exhibits the block wise number of literates and percentage of

literacy in Ambedkarnagar district during 2010-11. Out of total population, 9,54,537

persons are literate in the district. Therefore, the literacy rate of the district is 58.75

per cent. There is a great variation between male and female literacy rates in the

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district. The male literacy rate is 71.71 per cent whereas the female literacy is only

45.58 per cent. The table also shows that the urban literacy rate (72.54 per cent) is

much higher than the rural as well as the district average.

Table 3.6. Block wise Literates and Percentage of Literacy in Ambedkarnagar

District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Literates Literacy (%)

Male Female Total Male Female Total

1. Bhiti 42,845 24,707 67,552 70.20 40.96 55.67

2. Katehri 50,508 29,838 80,346 69.54 41.25 55.41

3. Akbarpur 85,799 51,124 1,36,923 66.92 41.22 54.28

4. Tanda 64,133 39,482 1,30,615 68.73 44.74 57.63

5. Baskhari 48,931 32,134 81,065 72.26 47.79 60.23

6. Ramnagar 56,417 35,304 91721 72.83 44.30 58.36

7. Jahangirganj 53,547 33,620 87,167 75.14 45.41 59.99

8. Jalalpur 74,689 46,,346 1,21,035 71.57 45.15 58.47

9. Bhiyaon 48,402 28257 76,659 70.50 39.90 54.96

Total Rural 5,25,271 3,20,812 8,73,083 70.85 43.41 57.22

Total Urban 61,781 46,673 1,08,454 79.40 65.12 72.54

Total District 5,87,052 3,67,485 9,54,537 71.71 45.58 58.75 Source: District Statistical Office, Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11.

Note : The literacy % is related to the population with age 7+.

Fig. 3.10

66

The analysis shows that there is regional variation of literacy from one block

to another. The highest literacy rate was recorded in Baskhari block (60.23), followed

by Jahangirganj (59.99), Jalalpur (58.47), Ramnagar (58.36), Tanda (57.63), Bhiti

(55.67), Katehri (55.41), Bhiyaon (54.96) and Akbarpur (54.28) (fig.3.10).

3.3.1.5 Occupational Structure

The social and economic development of any region depends on the number of

persons who are economically active and the quality and regularity of their work. The

proportion of economically active population in various occupations indicates the

economic profile of various groups of society. The term „occupation‟ means „doing a

certain type of work‟. „Work‟ may be defined as a participation in economically

productive activity. However, a person doing any type of economically productive

activity is a worker. Thus, work involved not only actual work but also effective

supervision and direction of work. According to Census of India (2001), the main

worker has been classified into four groups, i.e. cultivator, agricultural labourer,

worker engaged in household industry and other worker. Table 3.7 and fig. 3.11

shows block wise economic classification of population in the district. Out of total

workers 6,77,980, the dominant group consist of cultivators having a share of 51.24

per cent. Cultivators and agricultural labours together represent 69.39 per cent to the

total work force in the district. The share of peoples engaged in household industries

and other non-agricultural occupations are 30.51 per cent.

Table 3.7. Block wise Occupational Structure of Population in Ambedkarnagar

District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Total

workers Cultivator

Agricultural

labourers

Workers in

Household

industry

Other

workers

1. Bhiti 66678 18626 5686 1191 4695

2. Katehri 103820 25194 8417 1720 6385

3. Akbarpur 167575 40663 16431 5058 19713

4. Tanda 104375 24044 11359 5015 21203

5. Baskhari 87998 17831 8675 4890 14780

6. Ramnagar 85681 26628 6604 2617 7191

7. Jahangirganj 74350 19707 6594 2436 6361

8. Jalalpur 130972 27935 10130 7016 18610

9. Bhiyaon 86036 25958 6352 1649 4843

Total

677980

(100.00)

226586

(51.24)

80248

(18.15)

31595

(7.14)

103781

(23.47)

Figures in bracket shows percentage.


67

Fig. 3.11

3.3.2 Agriculture

3.3.2.1 Land Use Pattern

Agriculture occupies the most important place in the economy of

Ambedkarnagar district. About 91 per cent population lives in villages where main

occupation is agriculture, and they are mostly depends upon agriculture for their

livelihood. About 2,26,586 cultivators and 80,248 agricultural labourers are engaged

in agricultural activities in the district. The main feature of the area is the diversified

form of agriculture, in term of cultivation of crops. The main crops are wheat, paddy

(rice), barley, jowar (sorghum), bajra (pearl millet), maize, and pulses. The cash

crops like sugarcane, potato, etc. are also grown. For understanding the status of

agriculture in Ambedkarnagar district, it is essential to analyse the various categories

of land use in the district. It may be helpful in understanding the existing status of

agriculture and limitations of its development.

Table 3.8 shows that the total reporting area of the district is 2,36,103 hectares

in 2010-11, whereas the total forest area is only 270 hectares, which is about 0.11 per

68

cent of the total reported area, while net sown area occupies 1,67,701 hectares i.e.

71.03 per cent. The rest of the land has been classified mainly as land not available for

cultivation, other uncultivated land, old fallows and current fallows. The category,

land not available for cultivation includes land put to non-agricultural use and barren

and uncultivable land, which account for 16.19 per cent of the total reported area. The

area under this category consists of permanent pastures land, land under

miscellaneous tree crops and grooves and cultivable wasteland. They occupy 0.25,

1.89 and 1.85 per cent of total reported area respectively. However, the area occupied

under fallows and current fallows during 2010-11 is 5,976 and 10,811 hectares

respectively. It accounted for 2.53 and 4.58 per cent of total reported area. Table 3.8

shows different categories of land use, in term of percentage of area, which shows

regional variation among different blocks.

3.3.2.2 Cropping Pattern

For the area under study, agriculture is the main stay of economy of the

inhabitants. The soil of this area is very fertile and suitable for intensive cultivation.

Diversified form of agriculture, in term of cultivation of crops, is the main feature of the

area. The major cultivated crops of the area are rice, wheat, pulses, oilseeds, coarse

grains, etc. The total cropped area of the district is 2,81,811 hectares during 2010-11.

The study shows that wheat and rice are the dominant crops of the district.

Wheat is cultivated in 1,17,575 hectares of land, and account for 45.89 per cent of total

cropped area, whereas rice is cultivated in 1,16,501 hectares, occupying 45.47 per cent

of the total cropped area. While the shares of pulses, potato, oilseeds and coarse grains

i.e. jowar (sorghum), bajra (pearl millet) and makka (maize) is 5.02 per cent, 1.60 per

cent, 1.27 per cent and 0.75 per cent respectively to the total cropped area (Table 3.9).

Block wise analysis indicates a great regional variation of area under major crops in

different blocks of the district.

3.3.2.3 Livestock Husbandry

Livestock husbandry is emerging one of the most important value added farming

systems adopted in the study area. It is an important segment of agricultural system as

well as integral part of rural economy. It is the most important source of food security

as it provides meat and milk and other dairy products. It is also looked as having a

latent potential and boon for employment generation and poverty alleviation in poor

resource regions.

69

In the district, the important species of livestock are cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep

and pig. Cattle accounts for the highest proportion of livestock (37.74 per cent)

followed by buffalo (37.21 per cent), goat (20.15 per cent), pig (2.48 per cent) and

sheep (2.18 per cent) (Table 3.10 and fig. 3.12). Block wise analysis indicates that there

is a regional variation in the proportion of various species of livestock in different

blocks of the district.

Fig. 3.12

70

Table 3.8. Block wise Land use Pattern in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S

No. Block

Total

reported

area

Net sown

area

Area sown

more than

once

Present

fallow

land

Other

fallow

land

Barren

cultivable

waste

Barren and

uncultivable

land

Pasture

land

Land under

misc. trees

and grooves

Forest

Land put

to non-

agricultural

uses

1. Bhiti 20,976 15,211 9,666 1,572 425 345 319 58 341 23 2,682

2. Katehri 25,333 18,725 12,772 1,967 250 698 302 242 553 12 2,584

3. Akbarpur 41,079 30,933 22,126 2,597 172 862 921 103 547 69 4,870

4. Tanda 31,650 17,981 15,576 1,048 1,226 734 472 36 1,886 90 8,175

5. Baskhari 20,834 14,389 10,184 233 616 277 248 25 377 10 4,657

6. Ramnagar 22,804 16,694 13,358 729 504 270 330 49 171 18 4,039

7. Jahangirganj 21,994 15,973 9,129 700 569 205 319 14 239 01 3,974

8. Jalalpur 30,247 21,837 13,234 1,532 1,093 563 582 32 285 21 4,306

9. Bhiyaon 21,189 15,958 8,065 433 1,121 415 219 24 61 26 2,932

Total

2,36,103

(100)

1,67,701

(71.03)

11,411

(48.33)

10,811

(4.58)

5,976

(2.53)

4,369

(1.85)

3,714

(1.57)

583

(0.25)

4,460

(1.89)

270

(0.11)

38,219

(16.19)

Area in hectares

Figures in bracket show percentage.


71

Table 3.9. Block wise Area under Major Crops in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block Rice Wheat Pulses Oilseeds

Coarse

grains Potato Total

1. Bhiti 8,805 10,212 1,895 341 153 418 21,824

2. Katehri 13,346 13,218 1,574 329 155 397 29,019

3. Akbarpur 22,048 22,449 2,474 643 267 673 48,554

4. Tanda 14,534 13,576 1,292 427 164 561 30,554

5. Baskhari 10,645 10,095 876 253 150 357 22,376

6. Ramnagar 12,983 12,302 1,230 432 120 427 27,494

7. Jahangirganj 10,449 10,511 992 322 152 294 22,720

8. Jalalpur 14,892 15,166 1,360 296 145 558 32,417

9. Bhiyaon 8,799 10,046 1,184 217 445 405 21,096

Total

1,16,501

(45.47)

1,17,575

(45.89)

12,877

(5.02)

3,260

(1.27)

1,916

(0.75)

4,090

(1.60)

2,56,219

(100.00)

Area in hectares



72

Table 3.10. Block wise Different Livestock in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11



S.

No. Block Cattle Buffalo Goat Pig Sheep Others Total

1. Bhiti 32,475

(44.69)

26,247

(36.12)

9,682

(13.33)

1,873

(2.58)

2,267

(3.12)

119

(0.16)

72,663

(100.00)

2. Katehri 36,634

(45.81)

27,940

(34.94)

11,500

(14.38)

2,453

(3.07)

1,293

(1.62)

140

(0.18)

79,960

(100.00)

3. Akbarpur 47,037

(44.62)

35,254

(33.44)

18,871

(17.90)

2,664

(2.53)

126

(1.20)

334

(0.32)

1,05,425

(100.00)

4. Tanda 19,770

(27.76)

28,270

(39.70)

18,978

(26.65)

2,605

(3.66)

1,266

(1.78)

319

(0.44)

71,208

(100.00)

5. Baskhari 15,931

(27.64)

21,944

(38.07)

15,705

(27.24)

2,498

(4.33)

1,383

(2.40)

184

(0.32)

57,645

(100.00)

6. Ramnagar 18,517

(33.13)

21,313

(38.13)

14,239

(25.47)

497

(0.89)

1,211

(2.17)

119

(0.21)

55,896

(100.00)

7. Jahangirganj 16,712

(32.78)

19,367

(37.99)

13,258

(26.01)

454

(0.89)

1,065

(2.09)

126

(0.25)

50,982

(10.00)

8. Jalalpur 28,769

(40.80)

25,670

(36.40)

13,227

(18.76)

988

(1.40)

1,799

(2.55)

61

(0.09)

70,514

(100.00)

9. Bhiyaon 18,911

(32.77)

25,454

(44.11)

9,867

(17.10)

1,387

(2.40)

2,003

(3.47)

87

(0.15)

57,709

(100.00)

Total

2,34,756

(37.74)

2,31,459

(37.21)

1,25,327

(20.15)

15,419

(2.48)

13,552

(2.18)

1,489

(0.24)

6,22,002

(100.00)

73

3.3.2.4 Agricultural Inputs

(i) Seeds

Table 3.11 shows the block wise availability of seed centres in

Ambedkarnagar district. The study indicates that the total seed sale centres in the

district are 260. There is block wise variation in the number of sale centres, the

highest (39) in Akbarpur block, whereas lowest (16) in Bhiti block. There is also a

great variation between the number of public and private seed selling centres. The

cooperative and agriculture department shares around 44 per cent of the total seed

selling centres, whereas the remaining 56 per cent selling centres are private in nature.

Figures also shows that the seed sale centres under the cooperative and

agricultural department are also performing the work of seed godown centres in

different blocks of the district. There are in total 216 seed godown centres in the

district, out of which 53 per cent comes under the cooperative and agricultural

departments, whereas remaining 47 per cent are private in nature.

The availability of seed sale and godown centres are also varies significantly

among rural and urban areas of the district. About 87 per cent of the seed sale centres

of the district are comes under rural areas, whereas remaining 13 per cent belongs to

urban areas. Similarly, more than 97 per cent of the seed godowns are situated in rural

areas, leaving only less than 3 per cent under urban areas of the district.

Table 3.11. Block wise Distribution of Seed Centres in Ambedkarnagar District,

2010-11 S.

No.

Block

Seed Sale Centre Seed Godown Centre

Cooperative

Dept.

Agri.

Dept. Others Total

Cooperative

Dept.

Agri.

Dept. Others Total

1. Bhiti 7 1 8 16 7 1 10 18 2. Katehri 11 1 12 24 11 1 10 22 3. Akbarpur 17 0 22 39 17 0 17 34

4. Tanda 13 0 12 25 13 0 13 26

5. Baskhari 10 1 12 23 10 1 9 20 6. Ramnagar 11 1 17 29 11 1 10 22 7. Jahangirganj 11 1 15 27 11 1 10 22

8. Jalalpur 13 0 9 22 13 0 13 26 9. Bhiyaon 10 1 11 22 10 1 9 20

Total Rural 103 6 118 227 103 6 101 210

Total Urban 3 3 27 33 3 3 0 6

Total District 106

(40.77)

9

(3.46)

145

(55.77)

260

(100.00)

106

(49.07)

9

(4.17)

101

(46.76)

216

(100.00)



74

(ii) Agricultural Implements

Table 3.12 shows the spatial distribution of different types of agricultural

implements in Ambedkarnagar district. The study indicates that still the use of

wooden ploughs are high as compared to the iron ploughs. There are total 50,629

wooden ploughs whereas iron ploughs numbered only 9,086 in the district. There is a

great block wise variation in the use of both types of ploughs. The use of wooden

ploughs is highest in Akbarpur block (22.08 per cent) whereas lowest in Baskhari

block (3.88 per cent). In the case of iron plough, the highest concentration is again

recorded in Akbarpur block (21.67 per cent) whereas lowest concentration is recorded

in Tanda block (2.69 per cent).

The use of advance harrow and cultivator, advance thrasher machines, sprayer

and sowing instruments are also very common these days. There are 16,050 advance

harrow and cultivator, 29,324 advance thrasher machines, 4,419 sprayers and 3,819

sowing instruments in the district. The use of advance harrow and cultivator is highest

in Akbarpur block (22.16 per cent) and lowest in Jahangirganj (3.47 per cent). There

is a great regional variation in the use of advance sowing instruments. It varies from

1,719 (45.01 per cent) in Baskhari block and 18 (0.47 per cent) in Jahangirganj.

The study indicates that the use of tractors increased over the last few decades.

Farmers and cultivators prefer tractors than other means because their use increases

farm efficiency and saves time. There are total 11,773 tractors in district. Out of this,

the share of tractors in Akbarpur block are 2,763 (23.47 per cent), followed by 1,487

(12.63 per cent) in Jalalpur, 1,482 (12.59 per cent) in Tanda and 1,363 (11.57 per

cent) in Bhiyaon, etc.

75

Table 3.12. Block wise Different Agricultural Implements in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Plough Advance

harrow

and

cultivator

Advance

thrasher

machine

Sprayer

Advance

sowing

instrument

Tractor Wooden Iron

1. Bhiti 9,018

(17.81)

640

(7.04)

711

(4.43)

2,688

(9.17)

407

(9.21)

228

(5.97)

692

(5.88)

2. Katehri 8,534

(16.85)

786

(8.65)

1,149

(7.16)

4,381

(14.94)

627

(14.19)

172

(4.50)

1,055

(8.96)

3. Akbarpur 11,179

(22.08)

1,969

(21.67)

3,557

(22.16)

5,180

(17.66)

1,267

(28.67)

292

(7.65)

2,763

(23.47)

4. Tanda 2,713

(5.36)

244

(2.69)

1,846

(11.50)

3,373

(11.50)

698

(15.79)

1,146

(30.01)

1,482

(12.59)

5. Baskhari 1,966

(3.88)

569

(6.26)

1,296

(8.07)

2,529

(8.62)

453

(10.25)

1,719

(45.01)

1,178

(10.01)

6. Ramnagar 2,487

(4.91)

1,414

(15.56)

1,528

(9.52)

2,485

(8.47)

113

(2.56)

28

(0.73)

1,057

(8.98)

7. Jahangirganj 2,247

(4.44)

947

(10.42)

557

(3.47)

2,330

(7.96)

131

(2.96)

18

(0.47)

696

(5.91)

8. Jalalpur 5,402

(10.67)

741

(8.16)

2,826

(17.60)

3,069

(10.46)

314

(7.11)

188

(4.93)

1,487

(12.63)

9. Bhiyaon 7,083

(13.99)

1,776

(19.55)

2,583

(16.09)

328

(11.22)

409

(9.26)

28

(0.73)

1,363

(11.57)

Total 50,629

(100.00)

9,086

(100.00)

16,050

(100.00)

29,324

(100.00)

4,419

(100.00)

3,819

(100.00)

11,773

(100.00)



76

(iii) Irrigation

Table 3.13 shows the block wise status of irrigation facilities in

Ambedkarnagar district. Study shows that canal and tube wells are the most important

source of irrigation in the study area. The total length of canal present in the district is

721 km. Almost all the blocks of the district have canals except Bhiti. The south-

western part of the district has very low concentration of canal irrigation (Fig. 3.11).

There is a regional variation among different blocks in canal irrigation. It varies

between 181 km (25.10 per cent) in Tanda and 33 km (4.58 per cent) in Jahangirganj.

Now, the scope of permanent wells as a source of irrigation is declining. There are

393 wells in the district, of which 114 wells (29.01 per cent) are situated in Bhiti

block only, followed by 83 (21.22 per cent), 59 (15.01 per cent), 52 (13.23 per cent)

in Akbarpur, Katehri and Jalalpur blocks respectively.

Table 3.13. Block wise Status of Sources of Irrigation in Ambedkarnagar

District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Canal length

(Km)

Permanent

well

(No.)

Government

tube well

(No.)

Private

tube well

(No.)

1. Bhiti -

114

(29.01)

16

(13.22)

5,150

(8.84)

2. Katehri 102

(14.15)

59

(15.01)

14

(11.57)

6,221

(10.68)

3. Akbarpur 40

(5.55)

83

(21.22)

16

(13.22)

10,291

(17.66)

4. Tanda 181

(25.10)

11

(2.80)

11

(9.09)

7,022

(12.05)

5. Baskhari 91

(12.62)

9

(2.21)

13

(10.74)

4655

(7.99)

6. Ramnagar 112

(15.53)

5

(1.27)

12

(9.92)

6589

(11.31)

7. Jahangirganj 33

(4.58)

33

(8.40)

11

(9.09)

5,342

(9.17)

8. Jalalpur 59

(8.18)

52

(13.23)

15

(12.40)

8,545

(14.67)

9. Bhiyaon 103

(14.09)

27

(6.87)

13

(10.74)

4,443

(7.63)

Total

721

(100.00)

393

(100.00)

121

(100.00)

58,258

(100.00) Figures in bracket indicate percentage to total.


77

(iv) Fertilizers

The total consumption of the fertilizer in the district is 46,727 kg. The demand

and consumption of Nitrogenous fertilizers is very high as compared to the other

types. Out of total consumption, nitrogenous fertilizers shares 79.09 per cent (36,957

kg), whereas phosphorus and potash shares 17.53 per cent and 3.38 per cent

respectively (Table 3.14). The block wise study of fertilizers shows regional variation

among different blocks of the district, which ranges between 8.51 per cent in Bhiyaon

and 14.55 per cent in Akbarpur block.

Table 3.14. Block wise Consumption of Different Types of Fertilizers in


S.

No. Block

Type of Fertilizer Total

(kg) Nitrogen

(kg)

Phosphorus

(kg)

Potash

(kg)

1. Bhiti 3,941 755 137 4,833 (10.34)

2. Katehri 4,053 826 155 5,053 (10.81)

3. Akbarpur 5,020 1,470 315 6,800 (14.55)

4. Tanda 4,494 1,031 206 5,726 (12.25)

5. Baskhari 4,246 682 121 5,044 (10.79)

6. Ramnagar 3,684 844 154 4,682 (10.02)

7. Jahangirganj 3,820 822 160 4,802 (10.28)

8. Jalalpur 4,549 1,053 211 5,809 (12.43)

9. Bhiyaon 3,150 707 121 3,978 (8.51)

Total 36,957 (79.09) 8,190 (17.53) 1,580 (3.38) 46,727 (100.00)



3.3.3 Industries

Industrially, the Ambedkarnagar district is a backward district of Uttar Pradesh.

The industrial units in the district comprise of registered mills, small scale industrial

units and village and cottage industrial units.

3.3.3.1 Registered Mills -

There are 50 registered mills (Agro based, textile, sugarcane, paper, etc.) in the

district and 1569 persons were employed in 2010-11, as shown in table 3.15.

3.3.3.2 Small Scale Industries -

The small-scale industries are those that have total investment including land

assets, buildings, machinery, and equipment not more than 3 crore irrespective of

number of persons employed. During the year 2010-11, there are 2,006 small-scale

78

industrial units in the district. The number of units varies from block to block (160 to

314). The small-scale industries which are mainly depend upon local available raw

materials employ 7,504 persons.

3.3.3.3 Village and Cottage Industries -

Villages and Cottage industries are those, which are under the commission of

khadi and village industries. These industries whether using mechanical or electrical

power or not, are carried on in the house of artisans and occasionally in small karkhana

(workshop) where not more than 9 workers are employed. Cottage industries, also

called household industries, are organized by individuals with private resources and

with the help of members of the households. These industries use locally available

resources and skills, e.g. carpet weaving, handloom and handicraft industry etc. There

are 1,325 khadi and village industries in the district, both in cooperative and private

sectors. Total 4,456 persons were employed in such type of industries in

Ambedkarnagar district during 2010-11 (table 3.15).

Table 3.15. Block wise Distribution of Industries in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Registered Mills Small scale

Industries

Village and

Cottage Industries

(Khadi Industries)

No. of

units

Employed

persons

No. of

units

Employed

Persons

No. of

units

Employed

Persons

1. Bhiti 1 0 179 652 39 155

2. Katehri 19 9 197 721 211 397

3. Akbarpur 14 219 314 1,149 210 859

4. Tanda 11 1,299 300 1,081 223 950

5. Baskhari 1 8 206 753 73 218

6. Ramnagar - - 182 667 109 210

7. Jahangirganj 1 8 215 816 80 139

8. Jalalpur 2 17 253 1,080 200 810

9. Bhiyaon 1 9 160 585 180 718

Total 50 1,569 2,006 7,504 1,325 4,456


Table 3.16 shows number of different types of industrial units with the agencies

operating them.

79

Table 3.16. Types and Number of Working Industrial Units in Ambedkarnagar

District, 2010-11

S.

No. Industrial Units

Operated by

Panchayat

Registered

Cooperative

Society

Private Total

1. Khadi Industry 0 3 0 3

2. Changed Rural

Industry by Khadi

Village Industry

0 23 1,299 1,322

3. Small Scale Industry

Units

120 213 12,126 12,459

Total Rural and

Small Scale

Industry (1+2+3)

120 239 13,425 13,784

4. Total Employees

(1+2)

0 126 4,330 4,456

5. Employees in Small

Scale Industry Units

(3)

272 2398 18,010 20,680

Employees in Rural

and Small Scale

Industry (1+2+3)

272 2,524 22,340 25,136


3.3.4 Transportation

Transport network play a key role in spatial development of nodes as well as

regional development. Movement of people and goods seek the help of these media.

Transport system is a mirror of economic development and material prosperity.

In fact, development, being multi-dimensional process, rest upon the resources

of any region in general and infrastructural facilities like transport and communication

in particular. It is the transport which helps in the movement of raw materials, fuel,

machinery, etc. to the points of production and finished products to the points of

marketing and consumption. The transport also helps in the better and maximum

utilization of resources of any backward region by linking the same with the relatively

more advanced and developed one.

The Ambedkarnagar district is served by a total road length of 1,963 km. The

distribution of road length is not uniform in all blocks of the district. It varies among the

blocks ranging between 158 km (Katehri) and 321 km (Akbarpur) (Fig. 3.13).

Moreover, only 18.12 percent villages of the district are linked directly with

metalled road network. Table 3.17 shows the number of villages located at various

80

distances from the metalled road. Out of total villages in the district, 54.63 percent

villages are located at a distance range of 1-3 km from the metalled road, 17.85 percent

villages at 3-5 km, 5.73 percent villages at more than 5 km and only 3.58 percent

villages at a distance of up to 1 km.

Fig. 3.13

81

Table 3.17. Block wise Length of Metalled Road and Distribution of Villages on the basis of Distance from the Metalled

Road in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S. No. Block

Total metalled

roads in block

(km)

Distribution of Villages on the basis of Distance from the Metalled Road

Metalled Road

within the village < 1 km 1-3 km 3-5 km > 5 km Total

1. Bhiti 204

(10.39)

35

(20)

8

(4.57)

102

(58.28)

26

(14.86)

4

(2.28)

175

(100.00)

2. Katehri 158

(8.05)

29

(16.02)

2

(1.10)

68

(37.57)

64

(35.36)

18

(9.94)

181

(100.00)

3. Akbarpur 321

(16.35)

38

(16.96)

3

(1.33)

122

(54.46)

44

(19.64)

17

(7.59)

224

(100.00)

4. Tanda 206

(10.49)

30

(12.40)

11

(4.54)

145

(59.92)

43

(17.77)

13

(5.37)

242

(100.00)

5. Baskhari 223

(11.36)

22

(18.18)

4

(3.30)

55

(45.45)

27

(22.31)

13

(10.74)

121

(100.00)

6. Ramnagar 221

(11.26)

50

(26.31)

10

(5.26)

98

(51.58)

25

(13.16)

7

(3.68)

190

(100.00)

7. Jahangirganj 188

(9.58)

36

(15.38)

16

(6.84)

159

(67.95)

14

(5.98)

9

(3.85)

234

(100.00)

8. Jalalpur 273

(13.91)

37

(22.020

2

(1.19)

9

(53.5700

34

(20.24)

5

(2.98)

168

(100.00)

9. Bhiyaon 169

(8.61)

28

(20.00)

4

(2.86)

76

(54.28)

22

(15.71)

10

(7.14)

140

(100.00)

Total 1,963

(100.00)

305

(18.21)

60

(3.58)

915

(54.63)

299

(17.85)

96

(5.73)

1,675

(100.00)



82

Communication

Table 3.18 shows the block wise distribution of different communication

services in the district. There are 350 post offices in the district. It varies from block

to block ranging between 32 in Baskhari and 50 in Akbarpur block. In case of public

PCO, there is a great regional variation among different blocks of the district, which

ranges between 40 (4.11 per cent) in Bhiyaon and 203 (20.86 per cent) in Tanda

block. The situation of private telephone is near about same to that of previous one,

where the block of Bhiyaon and Tanda shares 710 (4.97 per cent) and 3,045 (21.33

per cent) of the total number of telephones respectively.

Table 3.18. Block wise Number of Different Communication Services in


S.

No. Block

Post

Offices

Telegraph

Offices PCO Telephone

1. Bhiti 43 1 50 899

2. Katehri 36 2 55 750

3. Akbarpur 50 3 183 881

4. Tanda 37 3 203 3,045

5. Baskhari 32 2 155 3,016

6. Ramnagar 35 1 68 872

7. Jahangirganj 41 2 65 1,115

8. Jalalpur 39 2 154 2,985

9. Bhiyaon 37 3 40 710

Total 350 19 973 14,273 Source: District Statistical Office, Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11.

3.3.5 Banking Facilities

Financial institutions like banks are one of the important components in the

process of socio-economic development for any region. It is the banking system

which regulates the monetary resources in the region. It includes commercial banks,

cooperative banks, primary agricultural banks, credit societies etc. These institutions

promote saving on one side and investment in the other. These institutions are some

time also called as “facilitators”. It provides loans to the traders, farmers, business

units, and small and cottage industries owner for a short period of time, so they can

fulfill their immediate needs.

83

Table 3.19. Block wise Distribution of Village Banking Facilities, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Types of Banks

Total Cooperative

Banks

Commercial/

Rural Banks

Primary

Agricultural

Banks

1. Bhiti 7 18 7 32

(10.49)

2. Katehri 10 17 10 37

(12.13)

3. Akbarpur 6 18 15 39

(12.79)

4. Tanda 4 12 13 29

(9.51)

5. Baskhari 5 14 13 32

(10.49)

6. Ramnagar 9 29 18 56

(18.36)

7. Jahangirganj 6 10 10 26

(8.52)

8. Jalalpur 7 11 15 33

(10.82)

9. Bhiyaon 4 9 8 21

(6.89)

Total 58

(19.02)

138

(45.24)

109

(35.74)

305

(100.00)



Table 3.19 shows the block wise village banking facilities in the district. In

total, there are 305 banks in the district, out of which 58 (19.02 per cent) are

cooperative banks, 138 (45.24 per cent) are commercial/rural banks whereas 109

(35.74 per cent) are primary agricultural banks. Through these banks, the farmers and

cultivators get loans and other economic support and in turn, they deposit their

earnings and profits for getting further interest. The block wise study shows that the

block of Ramnagar have highest number of banks i.e. 56 (18.36 per cent) in the

district, whereas Bhiyaon block have only 21 (6.89 per cent) banks (fig 3.14). The

number of banks in other blocks are Akbarpur (39), Katehri (33), Bhiti and Baskhari

(32 each), Tanda (29) and Jahangirganj (26).

84

Fig. 3.14

3.3.6 Purchasing and Selling Centres

In rural areas, cooperative purchasing and selling centres act as a linkage

between small farmers and big traders to sell their produces. There they get suitable

prices for their produce. These centres act as incentives for farmers to produce crops.

They ensure selling of produce even for those who can‟t go to big selling centres.

Table 3.20 shows the distribution of selling and purchasing centres in different

blocks of the Ambedkarnagar district. The study indicates that there are 109

cooperative sale and purchase centres in the district. Fig 3.15 shows that there is a

great regional variation among different blocks as far as such sale and purchase centre

is concern. It varies between 5 (4.59 per cent) in Bhiti and 26 (23.85 per cent) in

Ramnagar, followed by 23 (21.10 per cent) in Jalalpur and 10 each (9.17 per cent) in

Katehri, Akbarpur and Baskhari, respectively.

85

Table 3.20. Block wise Distribution of Selling and Purchasing

Centres in Ambedkarnagar District, 2010-11

S.

No. Block

Selling and

Purchasing

Centres

Percent Share

1. Bhiti 5 4.59

2. Katehri 10 9.17

3. Akbarpur 10 9.17

4. Tanda 9 8.26

5. Baskhari 10 9.17

6. Ramnagar 26 23.85

7. Jahangirganj 7 6.42

8. Jalalpur 23 21.10

9. Bhiyaon 9 8.26

Total 109 100.00


Fig. 3.15

86

References

Burrad, S.S. (1915). Origin of the Gangetic Trough: Commonly called the Himalayan

Fore-deep, Proceeding of Royal Society, London, Vol. 91-A, pp. 220-238.

Census of India (2001). Provisional Population Totals, Office of the Registrar General

and Census Commissioner, India, Ministry of Home Affairs.

Chandna, R.C. (1980). Introduction to Population Geography, Kalyani Publishers,

Ludhiana, p. 31.

District Planning Map (2005). National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organization,

D.S.T., Kolkata.

Krishnan, S.S. (1915). Geology of India and Burma, Madras, p. 511.

Suess, E. (1904-24). The Face of the Earth, Oxford, Vol.5.

U.P. District Gazetteers - Faizabad (1960). pp. 23-25.

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