chapter 3 explorers, economics, society
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 3 The Atlantic World and Commerce 1450-1648
pages 100-117
What was the Afro-Eurasian trading world like before Columbus?
Europeans want goods from Asia and Africa
high prices to middlemen
Exports not in demandEuropeans moved to
dominate global trade
Silk Road Silks, Porcelain, Lumber, Sugar, Slaves, Cotton, Dyes,
Weapons, Opium, Culture, etc. and Spice Islands (Malaysia)
Marco Polo’s Journey1271-1295
European Impressions of
Asia
“Exotic Orient”
Valued Goods
Pagans
African Trade
European Impressions
of AfricaGold
SlavesLegends and
rumors(ex. Prester John)
Ottoman Empire 1453 Constantinople fellInvaded Habsburg lands
Alliance With France(Francis I and Sulyeman)
Ottomans Want To:Monopolize Trade Routes
Spread IslamGain Natural Resources
Expansion Frightened Europeans (but trade continued)
Ottoman Empire
New Technology Allows For European Explorations
•Navigation•Cartography•Shipbuilding Styles•Cannon and Weapons
Portolani
Quadrant
Astrolabe
Nocturnal
Magnetic Compass
Portuguese CaravelLight weight and steered with a stern-post rudder
and lateen sails (Asia)
Why Take Such Dangerous Trips?• Ottomans controlled trade•Wanted goods and spices• The Three G’s
–God–Gold–Glory
…and a lot of luck
Portugal
Portugal and Spain 1st due to their connections to Muslim cultures
Theory of Southernization
Prince Henry The Navigator
(1394-1460) 1420s Started a
Navigation SchoolSponsored
Exploration of W. African Coast
Gold Coast
Bartholomew Diaz
(1440-1500) 1487-1488 Cape
of Good Hope
1489
Vasco da Gama
(1460-1524)
1497 around Cape of Good Hope to India
1498 To Calicut
Spices Sold In Europe
For Huge Profits
Afonso de Albuquerque
1453-1515
Portuguese destroyed Muslim, Indian, and Asian Forts (1510s)
By the 1600s the Dutch East India Company forced Portugal out
The AmericasA “New World”
Spain = Reach the east by going west
Knew the world was round, but not so big
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain
Christopher Columbus
(1451-1506)
Caribbean Islands and
South American
Columbus wanted to
spread Catholicism,
find gold, and capture slaves
1492 Santa Fe CapitulationsColumbus named viceroy of any new territory
and gains 1/10 of any fortune
Thought he was headed to Asia
1st Voyage 1492-1493(Aug. 3 to Oct. 12 there)
2nd Voyage 1493-1494
Forced natives on Hispaniola into slavery and Europeans claimed the land
3rd Voyage 1498
Lasting Impact of
Columbus?
1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
Portugal and Spain divided the world
---------------------------------------------------------
Spheres of influence approved by Pope
Alexander VI
PortugalSpain
Mundus Novus
“The New World””
Amerigo Vespucci1499 the Americas
Concluded it was NOT Asia
1507 World Map (Waldseemuler)
Pedro Cabral - 1500-1501 Brazil and IndiaKilled thousands establishing Portuguese presence
Ferdinand Magellan(1480-1521)
1519 Attempted circumnavigation of the Earth for Spain
(Charles V)
Magellan’s Voyage 1519-1522
almost five months to cross
the Pacific Ocean
ScurvyLack of vitamins C and A = melting of collagen fibers and breakdown of connective tissues
Gums swell, teeth fall out, connective tissues separate, capillaries hemorrhage, and boils form
1521 Landed in the Philippines
“A native hurled a bamboo spear into the captain's face, but the latter immediately killed him with his lance, which he left in the native's body. Then, trying to lay hand on sword, he could draw it out but halfway, because he had been wounded in the arm with a bamboo spear. When the natives saw that, they all hurled themselves upon him. One of them wounded him on the left leg with a large cutlass.... That caused the captain to fall face downward, when immediately they rushed upon him with iron and bamboo spears…until they killed our mirror, our light, our comfort, and our true guide.”
-Antonio Pigafetta (1521)
5 ships and 270 men departed1 ship and 18 men returned 3 years later
John Cabot(1450-1508)1497 New England
Jacques Cartier
1534 Explores “New France”
Henry Hudson
1607 searched for a Northeast Passage
Explored New York for the Dutch
1625 Dutch New Amsterdam
Spanish Conquistadors
Hernándo Cortés
(1485-1547)
“I have come to win gold, not
plow the fields like a peasant.”
1519: From Cuba to TenochtitlanAlliances with enemies of the Aztec
Aztec culture and warfare
very different
from Spain
From a 1521 letter from Cortés to Charles V
…whenever they wish to ask something of the idols, in order that their plea may find more
acceptance, they take many girls and boys and even adults, and in the presence of these idols they open their chests while they are
still alive and take out their hearts and entrails and burn them before the idols, …. Some of us have seen
this, and they say it is the most terrible and frightful thing they
have ever witnessed.
…Your Majesties may, if You see fit, send a report to the Holy Father, so that diligence and
good order may be applied to the work of converting these
people, … also that His Holiness may permit and approve that the wicked and the rebellious, …may be punished as enemies of our Holy Catholic Faith. …
and the great evils which they practice in the service of the
Devil may be prevented…
In 1520 the Spanish were ran out of Tenochtitlan
…but, they left something behind…
Disease
Small Pox
1520 Aztecs defeated & enslaved
GunsHorsesSteelDisease
1400 and 1500s
Columbian Exchangetransfer of plants, animals, and disease
between continents
From the Americas to Europe(New World to Old World)
From Europe to the Americas(Old World to New World)
Smallpox Cholera Influenza MalariaPlague Mumps Leprosy Cold
Disease Haiti:Pre-Columbus = 100,0001570 = only 300Mexico:1500 = 25,000,0001570 = 3,000,000
Spanish Colonial Ruleby 1570s rebellions were crushed and Viceroys ruled
Spanish Encomienda Systemconvert and “protect” a group of
natives in exchange for forced labor
Governments and Church tried to regulate the treatment of the natives
Convert, don’t enslave1537 Papal Bull Sublimus Dei…said Indians and all other people who may later be discovered by Christians, are by no means to be deprived of their liberty or the possession of their property, even though they be outside the faith of Jesus Christ; and that they may and should, freely and legitimately, enjoy their liberty and the possession of their
property; nor should they be in any way enslaved…
1542 Friar Bartolome de
Las Casas wroteA Short Account of the Destruction of
the Indies Documenting
Brutalities
Wanting To “Protect” The
Natives He Suggests Shipping
Slaves From Africa
He later regretted this
“I soon repented and judged myself guilty of ignorance. I came to realize that black slavery was as unjust as Indian slavery... and I was not sure that my ignorance and good faith
would secure me in the eyes of God.”
he often gets blamed for slave trade but the real blame is $
African Slavery 1st transported by Portugal1650-1870 = 12,500,000 slaves
20% died on the voyage
Spanish Morality Tale African Slave and
Indian WomanCa. 1600
An African slave in the Americas is soliciting an Indian prostitute. The caption in Spanish admonishes the black man for using stolen money in addition to his immoral behavior.
In reality black slaves had no access to coinage and Native
American prostitutes often found clients among the
Spanish.
Mestizos (“Mixed”)
Children of Europeans and
natives
Mulattoes(“Small Mule”)Children of
Europeans and Africans
America-Asia-Europe trade network established by Spain (silver)
Dawn of Globalism
1545 Potosi silver mines (Peru/Bolivia)But farmland still proved to be more valuable
The Commercial RevolutionTop 4
Pages 108-110110-113113-115115-117121-123
Population Growth and the
Price Revolution• 108 million by 1600– France, German States,
Spain, Italy, Russia, England
• Rising prices and falling wages and value of money– Pop growth = demand for
food– Flood of gold and silver– Some unknowns
Labor and Capital
Bourgeoisie(definition will change after industrialization)
New Industries
andCapitalismThe end of usury
Mining, printing. shipbuilding, arms manufacturing, military equipment
The
FuggersGerman
merchants and bankers associated with
Habsburgs, HRE, and Cath. Church
Merchants loan (“put out”)
raw materials to workers
Laborers create the finished
product
Putting-Out System
Some laborers purchased their own raw materials
Cottage Industry - Textiles
Mercantilism•Government regulation and promotion
of industry–Poor Laws, Navigation Acts, National Markets, etc.
•Protectionism•Wealth based on securing limited
resources (gold)• Sell more than you purchase (Balance of
Trade)
Urban Guildshigh wages, monopolies, standards, “group identity”
Who would oppose the guilds? Why?
International Chartered Trading Companies (Merchant/Govt. Alliance)East India Companies
Global Economics 1500s
• Portugal–Asian Sea Trade (India)–Brazilian Plantations (Sugar & Slaves)
• Spain–Americas–Asia (Philippines & trade with China)
• Holland (Dutch)–Amsterdam = Financial Center–Spice Islands and India
Changing Social Structures(lasted until Industrial Era)
• Landed Aristocracy (nobility)• Misc. Middle Classes
(bourgeoisie)• Peasantry (ag. workers)• Urban poor
West / East Differences?Commercial Revolution and Global Trade
Serfdom and Hereditary Subjugation
Education•Reformation–Protestants and Catholics
•Economic changes–Finance, law, government•Growing opportunities across
class, but mostly male