Chapter 3

Europe

European Influences

Europe is a heart for many contemporary global ideas and practices Democracy Christianity Colonialism Imperialism The Enlightenment

Nationalism Fascism Socialism Communism Genocide

Diversity, Conflict, and Technological Innovation

Migrations of Peoples Early cultural groups: Greeks, Celts, Romans Other cultural groups: Germanic & Slavic Peoples

The Rise of European Global Power Capitalism, Colonialism & Imperialism Industrial Revolution

Nations, States, and Nation-States Nationalism and World Wars

Genocide

Natural Environment

Climate Midlatitude west coast climates Mediterranean climate Midlatitude continental interior climate

Natural Environment

Geologic Variety Ancient shield areas around the Baltic Sea Uplands of Central Europe

Iberian Meseta, Massif Central, Brittany, Rhine Highlands, Bohemian Massif, British and Norwegian uplands

Young folded mountains Alps, Sierra Nevada, Pyrenees, Apennines,

Dinaric Alps, Pindus, Carpathians, Balkans Extensive plains

North European Plain

Natural Environment

Long Coastlines and Navigable Rivers Peninsulas

Scandinavia, Jutland, Brittany, Iberia, Italy, Greece Seas

Baltic, North, Mediterranean, Adriatic, Aegean Major Rivers

Rhine, Elbe, Danube, Rhone, Seine, Loire, Thames, Vistula, Po

Estuaries: where rivers meet the seas Important port locations

Natural Environment

Forests, Fertile Soils, and Marine Resources Loess soils

Natural and Human Resources Environmental Issues

From Forests to Farms Impacts of industrialization East Central Europe and the Black Triangle Global environmental action Mediterranean Sea Waste Management

Global Changes and Local Responses

Europe after 1945 Communism

Democratic Centralism State Socialism Planned Economies

NATO European Union Supranationalism

Global Changes and Local Responses

Devolution within European Countries Devolution

Local peoples desiring less rule from national governments

Euroregions Border areas of differing countries within European

Union countries where the people within them work together to make trans-boundary movement easier

Global Changes and Local Responses

Population Patterns Dynamics

Low and Zero population growth rates Exceptions: Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Macedonia

Urban-Rural Shifts Urbanization and Urban Landscapes

Gentrification Women, Power, and Social Position

Global Changes and Local Responses

Changes in Europe’s Economic Geography Productive capacity Producer goods Agglomeration economies Geographic inertia Deindustrialization

Global Changes and Local Responses

Planning and Privatization Manufacturing in non-Communist Europe

1950s: locating new factories in poor areas 1970s: EU regional policy 1980s & 1990s: reduction in government protections 2000s: extensive privatization

Global Changes and Local Responses

Agriculture Concentration Intensification Specialization Agribusiness Extensification

Tourism Global City-Regions

Western Europe

Countries France United Kingdom The Low Countries: Belgium, Netherlands,

Luxembourg Alpine Countries: Austria, Switzerland,

Liechtenstein Germany

Western Europe

People: Ethnicity and Culture Immigrant Workforces

Guest workers Refugees

Economic Development Sophisticated Manufacturing Industries

Autos, airplanes Energy Sources

Coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear Service Industries

Producer services, productivity

Northern Europe

Countries Sweden Denmark

Faeroe Islands Greenland

Iceland Norway

Fjords Finland

Northern Europe

People: Ethnicity and Culture Scandinavians, Finns, Sami Evangelical Lutheran Christianity

Economic Development Primary

Agriculture: Denmark; Wood products: Sweden, Finland; Oil and gas: Norway

Manufacturing High-tech: Sweden

Overall: high GDP per capita

Mediterranean Europe

Countries Portugal Spain Andorra Monaco Italy Vatican City (Holy See) San Marino Malta Greece

Mediterranean Europe

People: Ethnicity and Culture Romance languages, Roman Catholicism

Portuguese, Spain, Italy Eastern Orthodox, Cyrillic alphabet

Greece

Mediterranean Europe

Economic Development Agriculture

Market gardening Tourism

Major industry Historic sights Beaches

East Central Europe

Countries Estonia Latvia Lithuania Poland Czech Republic Slovakia Hungary

Romania Bulgaria Slovenia Croatia Bosnia & Herzegovina Serbia & Montenegro Macedonia

East Central Europe

Yugoslavia Created following World War I Culture

Slovenes & Croats: Roman Catholic Serbs, Macedonians, Bulgarians: Eastern Orthodox Bosnians: Muslims, Roman Catholic, E. Orthodox

Devolution in 1990 Armed conflict involving Croats, Serbs, Bosnians Kosovo

East Central Europe

People: Ethnicity and Culture Peoples

Western Slavs: Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Sorbs South Slavs: Slovenes, Croats, Serbs, Bulgarians,

Macedonians Language

Slavic languages dominate Romanian is Romance language; Estonian is Finno-Ugric

East Central Europe

Ethnic Tensions Irredentism Ethnic cleansing

Assimilation, expulsion, extermination Genocidal rape

East Central Europe

Economic Development Region late to industrialize

Prior to World War I, the region was dominated by empires who treated

Dominance of Communism following World War II Collapse of Communism

Reorientation towards Western Europe Most successful: Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary,

Slovenia, Baltic countries