Chapter 3:Acids, Bases, & Solutions

solution- a mixture containing a solvent and at least 1 solute and has the same properties throughout.

solvent- the part of a solution that is present in the largest amount and dissolves the solute(s).

solute- the part of a solution that is present in a lesser amount and is dissolved by the solvent.

Solution

Solvent

Solute

kool-ade water sugar, artificial flavoring, food coloring

Examples of Solutions

sea water water salt, other compounds

dental fillings

mercury

silver

antifreeze

water ethylene glycol

stainless steel iron chromium, nickel, carbon

Dissolving a solute into a solvent will:

1) raise the boiling point.

2) lower the melting point.

Acids & Bases

acid- a compound that when mixed with water forms hydronium ions (H3O+).

H3O+

hydronium ion

Cl-HCl HOH + +

+

Properties of Acids:1) taste sour (DON’T TRY IT!!)

2) reacts with metals to form hydrogen gas (H2)3) reacts with carbonates to form CO2

4) turns blue litmus paper red

Common Acidshydrochloric acid (HCl)

nitric acid (HNO3)

phosphouric acid (H3PO4)

sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

acetic acid (HC2H3O2)

5) has a pH range between 0 – 6.9

base- a compound that when mixed with water creates hydroxide ions (OH-)

KOH

HOH

+ - hydroxide

ions

Properties of Bases

1) tastes bitter (DON’T TRY IT!!)

2) feels slippery to the touch (DON’T TRY IT!!)

3) turns red litmus paper blue

4) has a pH range of 7.1 - 14

Common Basessodium hydroxide (NaOH)

calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2)

potassium hydroxide (KOH)

aluminum hydroxide (Al(OH)3)ammonia (NH3)

calcium oxide (CaO)

pH scaleA scale that indicates the concentration

of hydronium ions in a solution.

0 14

7

water

acids bases

neutralacidic

alkaline

When an acid reacts with a base, the products are a salt and water.

(a.k.a. “neutralization”)

NaOH HCl+NaOH Cl +H

2KOH + H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2HOH

3Ca(OH)2 + 2H3PO4 Ca3(PO4)2 + 6HOH