chapter 3-1. crisis of socio-political development mweong-mi? prof. jin-wan seo, ph.d. department of...
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Chapter 3-1. Crisis of Socio-Political Development
Mweong-Mi?
Prof. Jin-Wan Seo, Ph.D.
Department of Public Administration
University of Incheon, KOREA
http://prof.incheon.ac.kr/~sjinwan
Crises in Socio-Political Development
1. Identity crisis
2. legitimacy crisis
3. Participation crisis
4. Penetration crisis
5. Integration crisis
6. Distribution crisis
1. The Identity Crisis
• Definition: Recognition of their natural territory as being their true homeland (fundamental issue for Nation-Building)
• Causes: Cleavages by tribes, caste, ideology, religion, ethnic, and linguistic groups.
• Views:
– Pluralism: conveys a variety of cultural segments in the same political unit.
– Equilibrium model: intermediate grouping (Kornhauser) or overlapping membership (D. Truman); U.S.A.
– Conflict model: different segments, kept together by force of the external agency (Furnwell) -- the end of colonialism meant rise of original cleavages in Africa, South Africa, India, Pakistan, Lebanon
– Modernization vs. Political Development:
modernization often makes cleavages pronounced, conflict deeper. However, patron client within/between segment is also important.
2) The Legitimacy Crisis
• Definition: the problem of achieving agreement about legitimate nature of authority and the proper responsibilities of government.
• Cause- Constitutional problems
- role of military, bureaucracy: - term and recruitment of president
- the primary goals of national effort
- order vs. freedom
- economic first vs. democracy first
- stability vs. change
- economic stability vs. religion (the spirit of Islam)
- colonial legacy
- ruler's personal background
- corruption
- abuse of power
- nationalist vs. internationalist
• - Origin of Legitimacy (M. Weber): Tradition; Charisma; Legality & Rationality
3)The Participation Crisis
• Political participation: activity by private citizens designed to influence governmental decision making.
• One dimension of political participation concepts becomes crisis when the influx of new participants creates serious strains on the existing institutions.
• Cause: - social mobilization (education, communication., urban economy)
- emergence of interest groups & the formation of pol. parties
- manipulated mass organizations & demonstration politics (mobilized participation)
• Means- electoral activity: voting turn out- lobbying; organization activity
- individual contact with public officials
- mass media communications, political parties
- Violence
- riots, military coups, assassination, guerilla war, terrorism, eventually revolution- frequency & intensity: Developing > Developed > Traditional
• Why:- rife-raff theory; ban man
- return to killer instinct theory
- relative deprivation theory
- no institutions to substitute violence to participation
4)The Penetration Crisis
• Definition: the problems of government in reaching down into the society and effecting basic policies
• This is pronounced when the rulers seek to accelerate the pace of economic development & social change; essential for development.
– the gap between ruler & ruled, wide
– development oriented vs. parochial
– dictatorial vs. participants
– official language vs. dialects
5)The Integration Crisis
• Definition: the problems of relating popular politics (interest groups parties) to governmental performance (input output)
6)The Distribution Crisis
• Definition: the problems of relating distribution of goods, services, and values to the public