chapter 29.1 structure of the sun std 1e: students know the sun is a typical star and is powered by...
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Chapter 29.1 Structure of the Sun
Std 1e: Students know the Sun is a typical star and is powered by nuclear reactions, primarily the fusion of hydrogen to form helium.
Objective 1: Explain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core
Objective 2: Compare the radiative and convective zones of the sun
Objective 3: Describe the 3 layers of the sun’s atmosphere
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The Sun’s Energy
• 300,000x larger than Earth
• Spectrograph – a device used to break up the sun’s light into a spectrum– Used to determine
the amount of elements in the Sun
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• Composition of the Sun –Both Hydrogen and Helium occur in the sun –75% of sun’s mass is hydrogen –Hydrogen and helium together make up
99% of the sun’s mass
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Nuclear Fusion
• Nuclear fusion - the process by which nuclei of small atoms combine to form a new more massive nucleus
• Fusion releases huge amounts of energy and has 3 steps: *each step releases energy
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• Step 1) Two hydrogen nuclei (or protons) collide and fuse.
• One proton will become a neutron (release of positron)• It is a proton-neutron pair
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• Step 2) Another proton combines w/ the pair making a 2 proton 1 neutron nucleus
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• Step 3) Two of these nuclei (2 pro 1 neu) collide and fuse. • 2 protons are released. • The remaining 2 protons and 2 neutrons fuse
forming a helium nucleus
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The Final Product
• Nuclear fusion of 2 hydrogen nuclei combines to produce a helium nucleus
• The helium nucleus is only 0.7% mass of the hydrogen nucleus from which it formed
• The lost mass is converted into energy, which causes the sun to shine and it’s high temperature
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Mass Changing in Energy
• The sun’s energy comes from nuclear fusion • The mass lost during fusion becomes energy–Subatomic particles are released = Neutrinos
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• Einstein’s equation (E=mc2) can be used to calculate how mass (or matter) can be converted into energy– E = energy produced– m = mass or amount of matter– c = speed of light (3,000,000km/s)
• Astronomers used this equation to explain the huge quantities of energy produced by the sun
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Objective 1: Explain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core
• What provides the sun with its energy?– Nuclear fusion
• What 2 elements make up the sun’s mass?– Hydrogen and helium
• In the equations E = mc2, what does the c represent?– Speed of light (3,000,000 km/s)
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The Sun’s Interior
• Has 3 parts:–1) The Core –2) The Radiative
Zone –3) The
Convection Zone
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1] The Core
• The center of the sun, it’s 25% of sun’s diameter
• Temp = 15,000,000 °C –
• Converts matter into energy!
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2] The Radiative Zone
• The layer surrounding the core • Temps range from 2,000,000-7,000,000 °C. • Energy moves outward in the form of
electromagnetic waves, or radiation
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3] The Convection Zone
•Surrounding the Radiative Zone•About 2,000,000 °C. •Energy in this zone moves by convection •As gases move outward from this zone it losses energy, becomes more dense and sinks – Therefore, energy is
transferred
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Objective 2: Compare the radiative and convective zones of the sun
• What are the 3 parts of the sun’s interior?– Core, convection zone, and radiative zone
• What is the temperature of the core?– 15,000,000 °C
• How does energy move in the radiative zone?– Electromagnetic waves (radiation)
• What surrounds the radiative zone?– Convection zone
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The Sun’s Atmosphere
• Surrounding the Convection Zone is the sun’s atmosphere (the uppermost region of solar gases) – The 3 layers are:• 1) Photosphere• 2) Chromosphere • 3) Corona
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1] The Photosphere
• The innermost layer• Made of gases that
have risen from the convection zone
• Much of the energy given off is in the form of visible light, this light is seen from Earth
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2] Chromosphere (above the photosphere)
• A thin layer of gases • From 4,000-50,000 °C. • The gases move away
from the photosphere forming narrow jets of hot gas that shoot outward
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3] The Corona (outermost layer of
the atmosphere)
• Solar Wind - has a strong magnetic field, electrons and electrically charged particles stream out into space
*The chromosphere and the corona can only be seen from Earth during a solar eclipse
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Objective 3: Describe the 3 layers of the sun’s atmosphere
• What are the 3 layers of the atmosphere?– Photosphere, chromosphere and corona
• What is the innermost layer?– Photosphere
• What is the layer above the photosphere?– Chromosphere
• What has a strong electromagnetic field and electrically charged particles stream into space?– Solar winds