chapter 28 “the age of anxiety” 1919-1939 ap european history mr. rick purrington marshall high...
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Chapter 28 “The Age of Anxiety”
1919-1939
AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I. The Search for Peace and Political Stability
A. Uncertainty after WWI
1. G hated Treaty of V, unstable gov’t
2. Fr was damaged, fearful, and isolated
3. Br wanted to revive trade w/ G
4. U.S. was isolated from Eu
5. Eastern Eu was poor w/ unstable gov’ts and borders
6. Ru – Communist USSR = ??
7. Economic decline in Eu due to G woes
8. 1929 – The Great Depression hits U.S. and ripples throughout Eu
German Rhineland
II. The Treaty of Versailles A. 1919- WWI ends, Treaty punishes G
1. “sole responsibility for the war”2. G pay $33 billion reparations3. G limit military 4. G not make allies5. G lost Alsace-Lorraine to Fr6. G not move troops into Rhineland7. G not annex territory
B. G Gov’t = Weimar Republic, struggling democracy1. Many political parties emerge
a) Fascist (National Socialist G Workers Party “Nazis”)
b) Communist (“Reds”) c) Social Democrats
Chapter 29“Dictatorships and the Second World War”
1920-1950
AP EUROPEAN HISTORYMR. RICK PURRINGTON
MARSHALL HIGH SCHOOL
I. The Rise of Radical Totalitarian Dictatorships
A. USSR, G, Italy
1. dedicated minorities achieved victory over less dedicated majorities
2. Totalitarian Dictatorship
- Revolt against liberalism (limiting power of gov’t, ind rts)
- Complete control over economic, social, intellectual, + cultural life
- Deviation from norm = criminal
- Demand sacrifice for one goal
- Could be Communist (USSR) or Fascist (G + Italy)
3. Totalitarian Fascism in Italy + G
- valued obedience to state over individual rts
- nationalist
- Social Darwinist
- expansionist
- glorification of war
- demonized enemies
- anti-Semitic, anti-Communist
II. The Rise of Adolf HitlerA. 1919 - WWI
1. earned iron cross for bravery2. blames G loss on Jews and
Communists3. is humiliated by Treaty of V
B. 1921 - Joins Nazis 1. rises to leadership
2. 1923 - Beerhall Putsch – protests Weimar Republic
3. imprisoned, martyred4. writes Mein Kampf5. Nazi Party grows6. 1933 – Nazis elected to control
Reichstag7. Hitler appointed Chancellor of G
“If we review all the causes of the German collapse, the ultimate and most decisive remains the failure to recognize the racial problem and especially the Jewish menace.”
~ Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, 1924
"Who is Adolf Hitler? The man from the people, for the people! The German front soldier who risked his life in 48 battles for Germany! What does Adolf
Hitler want? Food for every decent working German! The gallows for profiteers, exploiters, regardless of religious faith or race! Why is Adolf Hitler not allowed to speak? Because he is ruthless in uncovering the rulers of the German economy, the international bank Jews their lackeys, the Democrats,
Marxists! Demand the lifting of the illegal ban on his speaking!
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Come to the NSDAP Meeting."
At the bottom, there are the following notes:
“War injured and the unemployed half price, Jews not admitted.”
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Two million dead. Did they die in vain? Never! Front soldiers! Adolf Hitler is showing you the way!"
Early Nazi Propaganda
"Enough! Vote Hitler!"
Early Nazi Propaganda
“Work and Food"
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
"Just as it is often hard to tell a toadstool from an edible mushroom, so too it is often very hard to recognize the Jew as a swindler and criminal..."
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
"The God of the Jews is money. To earn money, he commits the greatest crimes. He will not rest until he can sit on a huge money sack, until he has become the king of money."
Anti-Semitic Propaganda
“No Jews Wanted Here.”
"The Jewish nose is bent. It looks like the number six...“
“The Eternal Jew”
The Jew: “The inciter of war; the prolonger of war.”
Jews in Europe before WWII
C. Hitler gains total control 1. 1933 - Reichstag building is set on fire
“This is the beginning of the Communist revolution! We must not wait a minute. We will show no mercy. Every Communist official must be shot, where he is found. Every Communist deputy must this very day be strung up.”
~ Herman Goering, Commander of Nazi Airforce
a) Hitler blames the Communistsb) Hitler demands he receive emergency powers to “protect
the nation”c) The Enabling Act: most civil liberties are suspended“Restrictions on personal liberty, on the right of free expression of opinion, including
freedom of the press; on the rights of assembly and association; and violations of the privacy of postal, telegraphic and telephonic communications; and warrants for house searches, orders for confiscations as well as restrictions on property, are also permissible beyond the legal limits otherwise prescribed.”
2. 1935 – Nuremberg Laws a) German citizens must be of German or
related bloodb) All others were not citizens but “subjects”
including Jewsc) Jews were seen as a threat to German purity
3. 1935 -- Aryanization Begins
Jews in Europe before WWII
German Rhineland
IV. World War II Begins A. Breaking the Treaty of V
1. Hitler created jobs by re-building military2. 1935 - G signs Axis alliance w/ Fascist Italy 3. 1936 – G marches troops into the G Rhineland
B. Br and Fr Concerned1. Hitler meets w/ Neville Chamberlain (PM of Br)
to discuss G’s breaking of Treaty of V2. Policy of appeasement is adopted by Br and Fr
C. German Aggression Continues1. 1938 - G annexes Au and Sudetenland (in
Czech.)2. Br & Fr are angry but . . . . continue to appease3. 1938 - G attacks and annexes Czech.4. 1939 - Hitler signs non-aggression pact w/USSR5. 1939 - G attacks w/“blitzkrieg” annexes Poland a) Poland’s 3 million Jews brutalized, sent to
campsD. 1939 - Allies (Br + Fr) declare war on Axis Powers (G, Italy, Japan)
Benito Mussolini
Neville Chamberlain
German Blitzkrieg “Lightning War”
V. U.S. Enters WWII
A.The War in Eu
1. 1941 - Under Axis Control:
a) most of Eu, N. Africa, much of SE Asia
B. U.S. responds to J aggression
1) U.S. ends all trade with J
2) U.S. moves naval fleet to Pearl Harbor
C. J Attacks U.S. – Pearl Harbor Dec. 7, 1941 1. 2,388 U.S. soldiers killed
2. U.S. declares war on J
Stalingrad
VII.The Allies vs. The Axis
A. The Allies’ War Strategy
1. Stop G, win war in Eu first
B. Hitler’s Biggest Blunder
1. Sept. 1942 – Hitler attacks USSR
a) Goal: Take Stalingrad (industrial center on the Volga River)
b) Guerilla warfare and winter hits G soldiers
c) G soldiers low on supplies, food, ammo, warmth
d) G soldiers unable to defeat USSR
e) Meanwhile, G army is thinner in W. EuStalingrad
C. Nov 1942 - “Operation Torch”
1. U.S. attacks the “soft under-belly” – N.Africa, Italy
2. 1943 - Italy surrenders,
Mussolini executed by his people
Calais
Operation Overlord: D-Day
E. June 1944 - “Operation Overlord”
1. D-Day: June 6, 1944
a) Goal: Drive G out of Frb) Allied attack on Normandy Frhttp://www.britannica.com/dday/art-40584
c) over 1 million Allied troops landed on shore safely
d) August 1944 – G retreat out of Paris
Calais
Operation Overlord: D-Day
Calais
Operation Overlord: D-Day
F. Dec 1944 - Battle of the Bulge
1. G counter-attack on Allies in Bel
2. G fails – Allies advance toward G
VIII. The HolocaustA. The Final Solution
1. 1941 – Nazi leaders met in Wannsee, Germany
2. The Final Solution = the Nazi answer to the “Jewish Question.” What to do with the Jews?
3. “These people must disappear from the face of the earth.” ~Heinrich Himmler, 1943 Speech to Nazi Leaders
The Gas Chambers
1. Zyklon B -- Hydrogen cyanide (a pesticide) used in the gas chambers.
• 1942 – Aushwitz used 8.2 tons of Zyklon B.
• 1943 – 13.4 tons.• 1944 – 19.6 tons.
The Crematorium1. Used to burn
dead bodies.2. Located at
extermination camps
Nazi Medical Experiments
1. Prisoners were human “guinea pigs.”
• Studied women’s wombs following injections of toxic chemicals.
• Cut off limbs and reattached limbs from other prisoners.
• Mustard-gas poisoning tests.
B. Liberation
1. Freeing of Concentration Camps
“There is no doubt that this is the greatest and most horrible crime ever committed in the whole history of the world.”
~British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, upon witnessing camp atrocities
C. The Statistics
1. Number of Jews Killed:
• 6 million total• 2/3 of European
Jews • 1/3 of Jews in the
world• 98.5% of Jews in
Poland were killed – 2,950,000
IX.Allied Victory
A. V-E Day (Victory in Europe)
1. USSR attacks Berlin, G
2. U.S. attacks Nuremberg, G
3. Hitler commits suicide in Berlin bunker
4. May 7, 1945 - G Surrenders
X. War in the Pacific
A. J Refuses to Surrender
B. Allied Island Hopping
1. Island Battles at Midway, Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa
2. J fought to the death
3. Kamikaze suicide missions
C. The Atomic Bomb1. April 12, 1945 - FDR dies, Truman
is Pres of U.S.2. Truman decides to “save U.S.
lives”
4. Aug 6, 1945 - Hiroshima
a) 80,000 instantly dead
5. J refuses to surrender
6. Aug 9, 1945 - Nagasaki
a) 40,000 instantly dead
7. Aug 15, 1945 - J surrenders (V-J day)