chapter 27 health assessment 1230050096570971 2
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 27
Health Assessment
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Preparing for the Health Assessment
Environment• Ensure privacy• Quiet, warm room• Special needs of the client• Surface for placement of equipment
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Preparing for the Health Assessment
Equipment• Maintenance• Isolation precautions• Adequate number of gloves
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Preparing for the Health Assessment
Positioning • Ensures accessibility to the body part being
assessed.
Draping• Prevents chilling.• Prevents unnecessary exposure.
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Conducting the Health and Physical Assessment
Aimed at establishing a data base against which subsequent data can be compared.• Comprehensive Assessment (head to toe)• Assessment of a body part (focused)• Assessment of a body system (focused)
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Conducting the Health and Physical Assessment
Conducted in an aseptic, systematic, and efficient manner.
Requires the fewest position changes for the client.
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General Survey
Initial Observations • Client’s physical appearance• Mood and behavior• Speech patterns and voice intonations• Signs and symptoms of distress• Vital signs• Height and weight
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General Survey
Special Considerations• Elderly clients• Disabled clients• Abused clients
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Measurement of Height and Weight
Height• Height is expressed in inches (in), feet (ft),
centimeters (cm), or meters (m).• A scale for measuring height is usually
attached to a standing weight scale.• Infant’s length is measured from vertex (top)
of head to soles of feet while infant is lying with knees extended.
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Measurement of Height and Weight
Weight• Measurement of weight is expressed in
ounces (oz), pounds (lb), grams (g), or kilograms (kg).
• Daily weights should be obtained at the same time of the day, on the same scale, with the client wearing the same type of clothing.
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Measurement of Height and Weight
Weight• Types of scales available include chair,
stretcher, bed, and platform scales.• Infants are weighed on platform or cradle
scales.
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Measurement of Height and Weight
Nursing Considerations• Accurate recordings are necessary for drug
dosage calculations and evaluation of effectiveness of drug, fluid, and nutritional therapy.
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Measurement of Height and Weight
Documentation• Height and weight are recorded on the
admission assessment form.• Daily weights are usually recorded on the
vital signs record.• Measurements taken at different times or on
different scales should be recorded.
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Vital Signs
The taking of vital signs refers to measurement of the client’s body temperature (T), pulse (P) rate, respiratory (R) rate, and blood pressure (BP).
Vital signs are the first step in the physical examination.
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Vital Signs
Assessment of vital signs provides specific data regarding the client’s current condition.
Variations from baseline values may indicate potential problems with the client’s health status.
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Vital Signs
The sequence for recording vital sign measurements in the nurses’ notes is T-P-R and BP.
Vital signs are plotted on graphic forms that facilitate data comparison at a glance.
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Thermoregulation
The body’s physiological function of heat regulation to maintain a constant internal body temperature
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Physiologic Function
Thermoregulation• The heat of the body is measured in units
called degrees.• The core internal temperature of 98.6
degrees Fahrenheit (F) does not vary more than 1.4 degrees F.
• Core internal temperature is higher than the skin and external temperature.
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Thermoregulation
Heat Production• Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)• Vasodilation• Vasoconstriction• Piloerection
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Thermoregulation
Heat Loss• Radiation• Conduction• Convection• Evaporation
Insensible Heat Loss
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Thermoregulation
Behavioral Control of Body Temperature• The person makes appropriate
environmental adjustments in response to the body’s signaling conditions of either being overheated or too cold.
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Respiration
Respiration is the act of breathing. Terms related to respiratory function are:
• External respiration• Internal respiration• Inspiration• Expiration• Vital capacity
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Respiration
Major physiological pulmonary functions are:• Ventilation• Circulation• Diffusion• Transport• Regulation
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Hemodynamic Regulation
The circulatory system transports nutrients to the tissues, removes waste products, and carries hormones from one part of the body to another.
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Hemodynamic Regulation
Systemic Circulation• Arteries• Arterioles• Capillaries• Veins• Venules
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Hemodynamic Regulation
Cardiac Cycle• Systole• Diastole
Stroke Volume Cardiac Output Compensatory Mechanisms
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Hemodynamic Regulation
Pulse• The pulse is caused by the stroke volume
ejection and distension of the walls of the aorta.
• The bounding of blood flow in an artery is palpable at various points in the body (pulse points).
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Hemodynamic Regulation
Blood Pressure • Measurement of pressure pulsations exerted
against the blood vessel walls during systole and diastole
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Blood Pressure
Systolic Pressure • Maximum pressure exerted against arterial
walls during systole
Diastolic Pressure • Pressure remaining in the arterial system
during diastole
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Hemodynamic Regulation
Hemodynamic regulators for blood pressure control are:• Blood volume• Cardiac output• Peripheral vascular resistance• Viscosity
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Factors Influencing Vital Signs
Age Gender Heredity Race Lifestyle Environment
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Factors Influencing Vital Signs
Medications Pain Exercise Anxiety and Stress Postural Changes Diurnal (daily) Variations
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Assessing Body Temperature
Temperature Scales• Centigrade or Fahrenheit scales are used to
measure temperature.• Glass or electronic thermometers are used.
Temperature Sites• Oral• Rectal• Axillary
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Assessing Body Temperature
Alterations in Body Temperature• Pyrexia• Hyperthermia• Heat Exhaustion• Heat Stroke• Hypothermia• Frostbite
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Assessing Pulse
Sites• The most accessible peripheral sites are the
radial and carotid sites.• The carotid site should always be used to
assess the pulse in a cardiac emergency.
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Assessing Pulse
A peripheral pulse is palpated by placing the first two fingers on the pulse point with moderate pressure.
A Doppler ultrasound stethoscope is used on superficial pulse points.
A stethoscope is used to auscultate the heart’s rate and rhythm.
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Assessing Pulse
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Assessing Pulse
A pulse deficit occurs when the apical pulse rate is greater than the radial pulse rate.
Pulse Characteristics• Pulse quality• Pulse rate (bradycardia, tachycardia)• Pulse rhythm (dysrhythmias)• Pulse volume
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Assessing Pulse
Nursing Considerations• An irregular pulse rate, if not previously
documented, should be reported immediately.
• Clients on certain cardiac medications may need to monitor their pulse rate.
• Routine exercise lowers resting and activity pulses.
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Assessing Respirations
Sites• Observation of chest wall expansion and
bilateral symmetrical movement of the thorax
• Placement of back of hand next to client’s nose and mouth to feel expired air
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Assessing Respirations
Rate is counted by number of breaths taken per minute.
Observation of thoracic and abdominal movements includes:• Depth, rhythm, and symmetry• Costal (thoracic) breathing• Diaphragmatic breathing
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Assessing Respirations
A stethoscope is used to auscultate breath sounds throughout the respiratory system.
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Assessing Respirations
Dyspnea, Bradypnea, tachypnea, apnea Hypoventilation Hyperventilation
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Assessing Respiratory Function
Cyanosis• Bluish appearance in the nail beds, lips, and
skin• Reduced oxygen levels in the arterial blood
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Assessing Respiratory Function
Clients with respiratory alterations require additional nursing assessment.• Pulse oximetry • Apnea monitor
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Assessing Respiratory Function
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Assessing Blood Pressure
The direct method of measuring blood pressure requires an invasive procedure.
The indirect method requires use of the sphygmomanometer and stethoscope for auscultation and palpation as needed.
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Assessing Blood Pressure
The most common site for indirect measurement is the client’s arm over the brachial artery.
Accurate measurement requires the correct width of the blood pressure cuff as determined by the circumference of the client’s extremity.
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Assessing Blood Pressure
Korotkoff sounds are five distinct phases of sound heard with a stethoscope during auscultation.
The forearm or leg sites can be palpated to obtain a systolic reading when the brachial artery is inaccessible.
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Assessing Blood Pressure
Hypotension refers to a systolic blood pressure less than 90 mm Hg or 20 to 30 mm Hg below the client’s normal systolic pressure.
Hypertension refers to a persistent systolic pressure greater than 135 to 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg.
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Assessing Blood Pressure
Orthostatic Hypotension (postural hypotension)• Sudden drop in systolic pressure when client
moves from a lying to a sitting to a standing position
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Assessing Blood Pressure
False Readings• Clients who have recently eaten, ambulated,
or experienced an emotional upset• Improper cuff width• Improper technique in deflating cuff• Improper positioning of extremity• Failure to recognize an auscultatory gap
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The Physical Examination
Techniques• Inspection• Palpation• Percussion• Auscultation
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Integumentary System
Skin Hair and Scalp Nails
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Skin Assessment
Skin assessment provides a noninvasive window to observe the body’s physiological functions.
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Skin Assessment
Color Lesions Moisture Temperature Texture Mobility and Turgor Edema
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Integumentary System
Hair• The amount and texture of hair vary with
age, sex, race and body part.• Vellus• Terminal hair
The scalp should be smooth, clean, intact, and free of lumps or tender areas.
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Integumentary System
Nails• Clubbing• Koilonychia (spoon nail)• Beau’s line • Paronchia
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Physical Examination
Head• Skull and face assessment involves
inspection and palpation. • The client’s face has its own unique
characteristics related to race, state of health, emotions, environment.
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Physical Assessment
Eyes• Conjunctive and sclera are assessed for
color, redness, swelling, exudate, foreign bodies
• Visual acuity• Fundoscopy
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Physical Assessment
Ears• Auditory screening• Inspection and palpation of external ear• Placement, symmetry• Otoscopic assessment
Nose and Sinuses• Inspection and palpation• Use of a penlight
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Physical Examination
Mouth and Pharynx• Breath• Lips• Tongue• Buccal mucosa• Gums and teeth• Hard and soft palate• Pharynx
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Physical Examination
Neck• Neck muscles• Lymph nodes of head and neck• Thyroid gland• Trachea
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Physical Examination
Thorax and Lungs• Landmarks for inspection, auscultation, and
percussion• Anterior and posterior examination• Shape and symmetry• Thoracic expansion• Tactile fremitus
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Thorax and Lungs
Auscultation of Normal Breath Sounds• Vesicular sounds• Bronchovesicular sounds• Bronchial sounds
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Thorax and Lungs.
Auscultation of Adventitious Breath Sounds• Crackles• Rhonchi• Wheezes• Pleural friction rub• Stridor
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Heart and Vascular System
Heart• Landmarks for inspection, palpation,
auscultation• Heart sounds• Palpation for thrills and heaves• Abnormal auscultatory findings
- Murmurs- Bruits
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Heart and Vascular System
Vascular System• Blood perfusion of peripheral vessels
- Peripheral pulses compared bilaterally- Skin temperature, color
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Physical Examination
Lymphatic System• Lymphatic drainage• Lymph nodes
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Breasts and Axillae
Palpation of four quadrants of breasts Palpation of supraclavicular,
infraclavicular, and axillary nodes Education and encouragement of
questions about breast self-examination (BSE)
Breast cancer can also occur in males.
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Breasts and Axillae
Drainage patterns of the left breast.
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Abdomen
Inspection • Contour • Symmetry• Umbilicus• Surface motion• Scars
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Abdomen
Auscultation • All four quadrants in a systematic fashion• Beginning with the RLQ
- Tympany- Dullness- Bruits- Hyperactive or hypoactive bowel sounds
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Abdominal Quadrants
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Abdomen
Light palpation in all four quadrants beginning with the RLQ• Resistance• Tenderness• Rebound tenderness• Organ enlargement
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Female Genitalia and Anus
Cultural Considerations Inspection and Palpation
• Mons pubis and vulva• Labia majora, labia minora• Clitoris • Urethral meatus and vaginal introitus• Perineum and anus
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Male Genitalia, Anus, and Rectum
Testes and male gonads Seminal vesicles and bulbourethral
glands Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory
ducts Scrotum, penis, spermatic cord Anorectral exam including the prostate Monthly testicular self-examination (TSE)
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Musculoskeletal System
Inspection Palpation Range of Motion (ROM) Bilateral Comparison
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Musculoskeletal System
Muscle• Hypertrophy• Atrophy• Hypertonicity• Hypotonicity
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Musculoskeletal System
Joints• Arthritis• Osteoarthritis• Crepitus
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Neurologic System
Mental Status • Physical appearance and behavior• Communication• Level of consciousness
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Mental Status
Cognitive Abilities and Mentation• Attention• Memory• Judgment, insight• Spatial perception• Calculation• Abstraction• Thought process and content
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Neurological Assessment
Sensory Assessment• Exteroceptive sensations• Proprioceptive sensations• Cortical sensations• Dermatome map
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Neurological Assessment
Cranial Nerves Assessment Motor Assessment Cerebellar Assessment Reflex Assessment