chapter 26: the cold war (1945-1952) cold war: state of hostility, short of direct military...
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Chapter 26:The Cold War
(1945-1952)
Cold War: State of hostility, short of direct military confrontation, that
developed between the two superpowers
A. Financial Concerns
1. America needs to sustain economic growth…
2. Focus on Western Europe and Asian markets
3. International Monetary Fund/World Bank
loans/rates of exchange
4. US largest supplier of funds = ?
5. How does the Soviet Union respond?
B. Division of Europe & “Spheres of Influence”
1. Fears of France and SU
2. Satellite Nations a. SU
b. US
c. GB
3. Violates…?
4. Problem with the Reunification of Western Germany (12/’45)
a. SU and France fears another invasion
b. Soviet Union wanted reparations
c. Acts as buffer between SU and W. Europe
d. Later, Stalin refuses free elections as promised during Potsdam
C. United Nations
1. Permanent Security Council
2. Each country has absolute veto power
3. Problem with this set up?
B. Truman Doctrine (‘47)
1. Assist countries, eco/mil, in helping prevent communism from entering their borders
2. Started with Greece and Turkey: $400M (’47)
3. The Long Telegram (2/’46)
a. Explained Russia’s insecurities of communism v. capitalism
b. SU wants to expand communism
c. containment becomes US foreign policy
G. Kennan:
US Ambassador to the SU
D. The Marshall Plan (‘48)
1.1. US will give aid to those US will give aid to those European countries European countries needing to rebuild their needing to rebuild their economieseconomies
2.2. SU and satellite nations SU and satellite nations refused helprefused help
3.3. Western Europe’s recovery Western Europe’s recovery decreased appeal for decreased appeal for communismcommunism
4.4. Relations between US and Relations between US and SU?SU?
E. Berlin Airlift:“Operation Vittles”
1. To protest unification
of West Germany (’48), Stalin orders blockade of West Berlin
2. Goal: fly in food and supplies
3. Stalin’s blockade ineffective; lifted a year later
MAP 26.1 Divided Europe During the cold war, Europe was divided into opposing militaryalliances, the North American Treaty Organization (NATO) and the Warsaw Pact (Communist bloc).
F. NATO (‘49)
1. defensive military alliance
2. military alliance during peacetime
3. 1st time US committed to maintaining peace in Europe
• Blue: Nuclear Weapons Free Zone • Red: Nuclear weapons states and territories
belonging to them that are not in any NWFZ• Orange: Nuclear sharing • Gold: None of the above (but party to the Non
Proliferation Treaty(NPT))
A. Taft-Hartley Act: Decreases power of labor!
1. End closed shop
2. End secondary boycotts
3. 80-day cooling off b/4 strikes
4. Swear non-commi oath
5. Union dues cannot be used for political activities
6. Truman vetoes but it still passes.
26.4: The Cold War at Home
Red Scare leads to an increase of federal government powers and a decrease in
citizens civil rights
A. The National Security Act of 1947
1. National defense budget goes through the roofa. DOD (1949)
b. National Security Council – executive branch coordination of national security policy
c. CIA
2. Increase in federal employees and businesses that support the effort (75%)
3. Military spending = support in economy
B. Loyalty Security Program
1. Loyalty oaths taken by federal employees
2. “Interviews”
3. circumstantial evidence enough
4. Immigration and Nationality
C. McCarran Act
1. AKA: Internal Security Act
2. Illegal to establish a totalitarian government in the US
3. Communists needed to publish their records and register w/US AG
D. HUAC and Hollywood(House on Un-American Activity Committee)
1. Committee created to search out disloyalty to the U.S.
a. investigated Hollywood film industry
b. Hollywood Ten: “unfriendly”witnesses
c. Blacklisted2. Pro-Soviet Union films used
during WWII now used against them Hollywood Ten
A. Military-Industrial Communities
1. Cities that grew due to cold war efforts/supplies: West, SW, and South
2. Problems of rapid growth?
3. Warning to Congress?
A. America “loses” China
1. Kai-Shek: Nationalist Leader; Opposed communism
2. US supports w/$3B; no military support
3. Not liked by US; dictator & corrupt
4. raises taxes on poor farmers
5. Lost support of citizens
2. Mao Zedong: Communist Leader
1. lowered rent rates and gave land to peasants = Communism wins over Nationalism
2. Fear that communism spreading “out of control”
3. FDR and Truman to blame by Republicans
1. The North Attacks the South
a. North Korea great offensive fighti. Captures Seoul, S.
Korea’s capitalii. Manages to move
straight to Pusaniii. MacArthur’s strategy = Hero
b. China entersc. SU boycotts UN/security
council in response to not recognizing China; not present when voting on participation.
2. Stalemate
a. Truman vs. MacArthur…i. Public criticism of Pres.
Truman
ii. Wants to invade China
iii. “You’re fired!”
b. Korean war ends in stalemate… 38th parallel still divides
Korea today
North Korea Democratic People’s
Republic of Korea Dictator/Comm. Capital: Pyongyang Leader: Kim Il Sung Believed ruled all of Korea
Kim Il Sung Kim Jong-Il
South Korea Republic of Korea
Dem./capitalism Capital: Seoul Leader: Rhee Believed ruled all of
Korea
A. Families of the 1950s
1. Define prosperity2. Dual incomes on the rise?3. Impact of the GI Bill
Benefits paid out to veterans after returning from WWII
a. Education; partial pay of tuitionb. Unemployment benefits; one yearc. Low-interest loans
B. Growth of job markets in W/SW= rapid city growth and poor planning
*****************************************Why the division between North and South Korea?
1. Japan ruled Korea 1910-19452. Japanese troops North of the 38th parallel
surrender to Soviet Union; industry3. Japanese troops South of the 38th parallel
surrender to Americans; agriculture What influences do these surrenders have
on Korea?