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Chapter 23

Transoceanic Encounters & Global Connections

+Ap World History Journal12/21

What was the significance of the Manila Galleons?

What navigational technologies were derived from Western Europe?

Why was Vasca De Gama’s voyage important?

+European Motives for Exploration

1. Resource – Poor Portugal searched for fresh resources and lands for cultivation

2. Lure of trade without Muslim intermediaries

3. Desire to Spread Christianity( Both peaceful ways ex. Missionaries, and through conquest Reconquista,

+Technology of Exploration

Stern Post Rudder (Chinese) and triangular lateen sail made it possible to sail against the winds

Magnetic compass (China)- allowed sailors to determine direction

Astrolabe (Arabic Sailors)- allowed them to determine their latitude at sea

Cross Staff and back staff (European)- measures the angle of the sun or pole star to determine latitude.

Knowledge of the Volta do mar or “return through the sea”

+ New Maritime Technologies

Hartman Astrolabe

(1532)

Better Maps [Portulan]

Sextant

Mariner’s Compass

+ New Weapons Technology

+Voyages of Exploration

Vasca Da Gama (Portugal)

Reached India, brought back huge profits

Opened the doors to direct maritime trading between Europe & Asia

Voyages of Exploration

Ferdinand Magellan (Portugal)

1st person to circumnavigate the world 1519-1522

Only 35 of the original 280 survived

Killed in the Philippines

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UpIx99cD-zE&feature=related

+Voyages of Exploration

+ Ferdinand Magellan & the First

Circumnavigation of the World:Early 16c

+Christopher Columbus, Italian

Believed Earth was smaller

Estimated Japan approximately 2,500 miles west of Canaries (actually 10,000 miles)

Columbus Discovers New World

Italian explorer secured Spanish backing to find a westward route to India.

During Four voyages (1492-1503), Columbus “discovers” Americas (Caribbean & Latin America).

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kvm8WA0Y2N4

Queen Isabella (left) and King Ferdinand supported the voyages of Columbus (left, above).

+The Man Who Found

The New World

An 1893 depiction of Columbus landing in the Caribbean.

Recreations of the Niña and La Pinta.

Above: A sailing map made by

Bartholomew & Christopher

Columbus c. 1490.

+Voyages of Exploration

James Cook

Led 3 expeditions to Arctic, Pacific, Australia. Died in Hawaii

Helped geographers to get better understanding of the world

Killed in Hawaii

+Wind and current patterns in the world's oceans.

15

+European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, 1486-1498.

16

+What was the Columbian Exchange

Columbian Exchange

+How did the Columbian Exchange impact the World?

Items sent to the Old World Items sent to the New World

Potatoes Disease ( Small Pox, Malaria)

Tomatoes Horses, Cattle, Pigs

Maize ( Corn) Sugar Cane

Syphilis Coffee Beans

Turkey Rice

+ The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet

Potatoes

Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine

Cocoa Pineapple

Cassava POTATO

Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE

Syphilis

Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice

Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley

Grape Peach SUGAR CANE

Oats

Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE

Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox

Flu Typhus Measles Malaria

Diptheria Whooping Cough

Trinkets

Liquor

GUNS

+World Population Growth, 1500-1800 CE

20

+ European Empires in the Americas

+Why is the 7 Years War Important to World History?

It placed Britain in a position to dominate world trade for the next 150 years

+Analyze the Impact of Technology on the global trading networks from 1500-1800? The astrolabe( Arabs) and cross staff( Europeans)

helped to determine latitude @ sea

Magnetic compass (china) helped point them in the right direction

Stern Rudder- helped point the ship in the right sailing direction

+Who was Afonso De Albuquerque?

• Architect of the aggressive Portuguese policy of making other people pay duties to use the Indian Ocean trade route

• People who did not pay duties were punished severely