chapter 22: accounting changes and error analysis

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Chapter 22: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes Accounting Changes and Error Analysis and Error Analysis Intermediate Accounting, 11th ed. Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

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Intermediate Accounting, 11th ed. Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield. Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis. Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis. Identifikasi jenis2 Perubhn Akunt. Uraian perubhn prinsip2 Akunts. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Chapter 22: Accounting Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Changes and Error

AnalysisAnalysis

Intermediate Accounting, 11th ed.Kieso, Weygandt, and Warfield

Page 2: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

1. Identifikasi jenis2 Perubhn Akunt.

2. Uraian perubhn prinsip2 Akunts.

3. Memahami bgmn perhitungan pengaruh kumulatif perubh Akuntansi.

4. Bgmn perhitungan perubhn Ak retroaktif.

5. Bgmn perhitungan perubahan ke metode LIFO.

After studying this chapter, you should be able to:

Chapter 22: Accounting Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Changes and Error

AnalysisAnalysis

Page 3: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

6.6. Uraian Akuntansi utk perubhn estimasi.Uraian Akuntansi utk perubhn estimasi.7.7. Identifikasi perubhn dalam entitas Identifikasi perubhn dalam entitas

pelaporan. pelaporan. 8.8. Uraian Akuntansi utk koreksi kesalahan.Uraian Akuntansi utk koreksi kesalahan.9.9. Identifikasi motif2 ekonomi utk Identifikasi motif2 ekonomi utk

mengubah metode akuntansi. mengubah metode akuntansi. 10.10. Analisis pengaruh kesalahan.Analisis pengaruh kesalahan.

Chapter 22: Accounting Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Changes and Error

AnalysisAnalysis

Page 4: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Restatements EverywhereRestatements Everywhere

Page 5: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Sebelum penerbitan APB Opinion No 20 ,Sebelum penerbitan APB Opinion No 20 ,““Perubahan Akuntansi” persh. Memiliki fleksibilitasPerubahan Akuntansi” persh. Memiliki fleksibilitasutk menggunakan perlakuan akuntansi alternatifutk menggunakan perlakuan akuntansi alternatifThd situasi yg sangat mendasar.Thd situasi yg sangat mendasar.The types of accounting changes are:The types of accounting changes are:1.1. Changes in Accounting PrincipleChanges in Accounting Principle2.2. Changes in Accounting EstimatesChanges in Accounting Estimates3.3. Changes in Reporting EntityChanges in Reporting Entity4.4. Errors in Financial StatementsErrors in Financial Statements

Types of Accounting Types of Accounting ChangesChanges

Page 6: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

• Perubhn prinsip akuntansi Perubhn prinsip akuntansi melibatkan perubhn dari satu prinsip melibatkan perubhn dari satu prinsip akuntansi yg berlaku umum ke yg akuntansi yg berlaku umum ke yg lainnya.lainnya.

• A change in principle does not result A change in principle does not result from the adoption of a new from the adoption of a new accounting principle.accounting principle.

• Jika prinsip akuntansi seblmnya tdk Jika prinsip akuntansi seblmnya tdk dpt diterima atau diterapkan scr tdk dpt diterima atau diterapkan scr tdk benar maka perubhn ke prinsip Ak. benar maka perubhn ke prinsip Ak. Dianggap sbg koreksi kesalahan.Dianggap sbg koreksi kesalahan.

Changes in Changes in Accounting PrincipleAccounting Principle

Page 7: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Changes in accounting principle are Changes in accounting principle are classified into:classified into:

1.1. Cumulative-effect type of accounting Cumulative-effect type of accounting change (periode berjalan)change (periode berjalan)

2.2. Retroactive-effect type of accounting Retroactive-effect type of accounting changechange

3.3. Change to the LIFO method of inventory Change to the LIFO method of inventory

Changes in Accounting Changes in Accounting PrinciplePrinciple

Page 8: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

The catch up method hrs digunakan The catch up method hrs digunakan utk akuntansi utk perubahan.utk akuntansi utk perubahan.

Lap keu periode seblmnya yg Lap keu periode seblmnya yg dimasukkan utk tujuan komparatif dimasukkan utk tujuan komparatif tdk perlu dinyatakan kembali.tdk perlu dinyatakan kembali.

Laba seblm pos2 luar biasa dan Laba seblm pos2 luar biasa dan laba bersih, yg dihitung atas dasar laba bersih, yg dihitung atas dasar proforma hrs ditampilkanpd Lap. R/L proforma hrs ditampilkanpd Lap. R/L utk semua periode.utk semua periode.

Cumulative-Effect Type Cumulative-Effect Type of Accounting Changeof Accounting Change

Page 9: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Ayat jurnal akan efektif apabila dibuat Ayat jurnal akan efektif apabila dibuat awal tahun. awal tahun.

Pro forma (seolah-olah) information Pro forma (seolah-olah) information bermanfaat bagi individu2 yg bermanfaat bagi individu2 yg berkepentingan dalam penilaian berkepentingan dalam penilaian kecenderungan laba selama suatu kecenderungan laba selama suatu periode waktu tertentu.periode waktu tertentu.

Inf. Profrm., yg hy ditampilkan sbg inf Inf. Profrm., yg hy ditampilkan sbg inf pelengkp, dpt dilap. pd Lap R/L, dlm pelengkp, dpt dilap. pd Lap R/L, dlm skedul terpisah, atau dlm cattn. Atas skedul terpisah, atau dlm cattn. Atas Lap. Keu.Lap. Keu.

Cumulative-Effect Type of Cumulative-Effect Type of Accounting ChangeAccounting Change

Page 10: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

• XYZ company changes XYZ company changes fromfrom the sum-of- the sum-of-the-years’ digits method to the straight-the-years’ digits method to the straight-line method of depreciation on Jan. 1, line method of depreciation on Jan. 1, 2004.2004.

• The depreciation amounts are:The depreciation amounts are:Year Year SYD SYD ST.LINEST.LINE20022002 $15,000$15,000 $8,000$8,00020032003 $14,000$14,000 $8,000$8,000

• The company’s tax rate is 40%.The company’s tax rate is 40%.

RRecord the change as of the beginning ecord the change as of the beginning of 2004.of 2004.

Cumulative Effect: Cumulative Effect: ExampleExample

Page 11: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

YearYear SYDSYD SLSL DiffDiff Tax Tax EffectEffect

20022002$15,000$15,000 $8,000 $7,000 $8,000 $7,000 $2,800$2,800

20032003$14,000$14,000 $8,000 $6,000 $8,000 $6,000 $2,400$2,400 -------- ------------------------ $13,000 $13,000 $5,200$5,200 -------- ------------------------

Tax liability increases by $5,200Tax liability increases by $5,200 Tax effect is the difference times the tax rateTax effect is the difference times the tax rate

Cumulative Effect: Cumulative Effect: ExampleExample

Page 12: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Journal Entry:Journal Entry: Accumulated Dep. $13,000Accumulated Dep. $13,000

Deferred Tax AssetDeferred Tax Asset $ 5,200 $ 5,200 Cumulative Effect of Cumulative Effect of

Change in Principle $ 7,800Change in Principle $ 7,800

Cumulative Effect: Cumulative Effect: ExampleExample

Page 13: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

• Pengaruh kumulatif dari metode baru terhadap Lap keuangan dihitung pd awal periode.

• Prior period statements atas dasar yg konsisten dg prinsip yg baru diadopsi.

• Setiap bagian dari pengaruh kumulatif yg berkaitan dg th2 seblmnya diperlakukan sbg penyesuaian laba ditahan awal dari tahun paling awal ditampilkan.

Retroactive-Effect Type Retroactive-Effect Type of Accounting Changeof Accounting Change

Page 14: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

The five situations requiring restatement of The five situations requiring restatement of all prior period statements are:all prior period statements are:

A change from the LIFO inventory method to A change from the LIFO inventory method to another method another method

A change in the method of accounting for A change in the method of accounting for long-term construction type contracts long-term construction type contracts

A change from or to the full-cost method in A change from or to the full-cost method in extractive industries(menghslkan bhn2baku)extractive industries(menghslkan bhn2baku)

Penerbitan Lap keu utk pertama kalinya utk Penerbitan Lap keu utk pertama kalinya utk memperoleh Modal Ekuitas. memperoleh Modal Ekuitas.

Pengumuman profesional yg Pengumuman profesional yg merekomendasikan bwh perubhn prinsip Ak merekomendasikan bwh perubhn prinsip Ak diperlakukan scr retroaktif. diperlakukan scr retroaktif.

Retroactive-Effect Type Retroactive-Effect Type of Accounting Changeof Accounting Change

Page 15: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Retained Earnings account is shown as Retained Earnings account is shown as follows:follows:

Balance at beginning of yearBalance at beginning of year :: $ $ XXXXXX

Adjustment for the cumulativeAdjustment for the cumulativeeffect on prior years:effect on prior years: $ XX$ XXBalance at beginning (as adjusted):Balance at beginning (as adjusted): $ XX$ XXNet IncomeNet Income :: $ XXX$ XXXBalance at end of year:Balance at end of year: $ XXX $ XXX

Income Statement Income Statement PresentationPresentation

Page 16: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Changes in estimates harus ditangani Changes in estimates harus ditangani secara prospektif. Yaitu secara prospektif. Yaitu tidak ada tidak ada perubhn yg hrs dibuat dlm hsl yg perubhn yg hrs dibuat dlm hsl yg dilaporkan seblmnya. dilaporkan seblmnya.

So awal tdk perlu disesuaikan, dan tdk So awal tdk perlu disesuaikan, dan tdk ada usaha utk”menyusul” atau catch up ada usaha utk”menyusul” atau catch up periode sebelumnya.periode sebelumnya.

Examples of changes in estimates Examples of changes in estimates involve:involve:• Piutang tak tertagihPiutang tak tertagih• Keusangan persediaan.Keusangan persediaan.• Umur manfaat dan nilai sisa aktiva.Umur manfaat dan nilai sisa aktiva.

Reporting a Change in Reporting a Change in EstimateEstimate

Page 17: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Lap dr entitas yg berbeda hrs dilaporkan Lap dr entitas yg berbeda hrs dilaporkan dg menyatakan kembali Lap Keu yg dg menyatakan kembali Lap Keu yg disajikan selama periode seblmnya, guna disajikan selama periode seblmnya, guna menunjukkan informasi keuangan bagi menunjukkan informasi keuangan bagi entitas pelaporan yg baru selama semua entitas pelaporan yg baru selama semua periode. periode.

Examples of a change in reporting entity Examples of a change in reporting entity areare::• Menyajikan Lap konsolidasi utk menggantikan Menyajikan Lap konsolidasi utk menggantikan

Lap persh.individual.Lap persh.individual.• Mengubah anak persh t3 yg terdiri dr kelpk Mengubah anak persh t3 yg terdiri dr kelpk

persh dmn Lap keu konsolidasi disajikan. persh dmn Lap keu konsolidasi disajikan.

Reporting a Change in Reporting a Change in EntityEntity

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Contoh dari kesalahan Akuntansi :Contoh dari kesalahan Akuntansi :1.1. Perubhn dr prinsip Ak yg tdk berlaku Perubhn dr prinsip Ak yg tdk berlaku

umum ke prinsip yg berlaku umum umum ke prinsip yg berlaku umum (cash basis ke Accrual basis)(cash basis ke Accrual basis)

2.2. Kesalahan matematis yg diakibatkan oleh Kesalahan matematis yg diakibatkan oleh penjumlahan, pengurangan dsb.penjumlahan, pengurangan dsb.

3.3. Perubhn estimasi krn estimasi dibuat dg tdk Perubhn estimasi krn estimasi dibuat dg tdk jujur(Co penggunaan tari penyusutan yg tdk jujur(Co penggunaan tari penyusutan yg tdk realistis)realistis)

4.4. Kelalaian dan penggunaan fakta yg tdk benar.Kelalaian dan penggunaan fakta yg tdk benar.5.5. Klasifikasi biaya yg tdk tepat sbg beban dan Klasifikasi biaya yg tdk tepat sbg beban dan

bukan sbg aktiva serta sebaliknya.bukan sbg aktiva serta sebaliknya.

Reporting the Reporting the Correction of an ErrorCorrection of an Error

Page 19: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

1.1. Biaya PolitikBiaya Politik Co: Prsh. Melaporkan laba rendah Co: Prsh. Melaporkan laba rendah

serikat pekerja tdk akan meminta serikat pekerja tdk akan meminta kenaikan gaji.kenaikan gaji.

2. Struktur modal2. Struktur modal Persh dg rasio hut tinggi thd ekuitas Persh dg rasio hut tinggi thd ekuitas

maka akan cenderung memilih metode maka akan cenderung memilih metode akuntansi yg bisa menaikkan laba akuntansi yg bisa menaikkan laba bersih.bersih.

3. Pembayaran Bonus.3. Pembayaran Bonus.4. Memperlancar Laba (konsistensi 4. Memperlancar Laba (konsistensi

perolehan laba)perolehan laba)

Motivations for ChangeMotivations for Change

Page 20: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Pershn. Tdk mengkoreksi kesalahan yg Pershn. Tdk mengkoreksi kesalahan yg ditemukan yg tdk memiliki dampak signifikan ditemukan yg tdk memiliki dampak signifikan thd penyajian Lap keuangan.thd penyajian Lap keuangan.

Tiga pertanyaan yg hrs dijawab dlm analisis Tiga pertanyaan yg hrs dijawab dlm analisis kesalahan :kesalahan :

a. Kesalahan Jenis apa yg terjadi ?a. Kesalahan Jenis apa yg terjadi ? b. Ayat jurnal apa yg diperlukan utk koreksi b. Ayat jurnal apa yg diperlukan utk koreksi

kesalahan?kesalahan? c.Bgmn Lap keu dinyatakan kembali stl c.Bgmn Lap keu dinyatakan kembali stl

ditemukannya kesalahan ?ditemukannya kesalahan ?* Koreksi kesalahan diperlakukan sbg * Koreksi kesalahan diperlakukan sbg

penyesuaian periode seblmnya dan dilaporkan penyesuaian periode seblmnya dan dilaporkan dlm th berjalan sbg penyesuaian saldo awal dlm th berjalan sbg penyesuaian saldo awal Laba Ditahan.Laba Ditahan.

Error Analysis in Error Analysis in GeneralGeneral

Page 21: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Errors can occur in the following Errors can occur in the following financial statements:financial statements:

Balance sheet Balance sheet Income statement Income statement Balance sheet and the income statementBalance sheet and the income statement Errors can be:Errors can be:

Counterbalancing (kesalahan yg saling Counterbalancing (kesalahan yg saling menyeimbangkan)menyeimbangkan)Non-counterbalancing (Kesalahan yg tdk Non-counterbalancing (Kesalahan yg tdk saling menyeimbangkan)saling menyeimbangkan)

Types of ErrorsTypes of Errors

Page 22: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

Apakah pembukuan telah ditutup atau belumApakah pembukuan telah ditutup atau belumselama periode dmn terjadi kesalahan ? selama periode dmn terjadi kesalahan ? a.a. Jika Pembukuan sudah ditutup:Jika Pembukuan sudah ditutup:1.1. Jika kesalah telah saling diseimbangkan, ayat Jika kesalah telah saling diseimbangkan, ayat

jurnal yg diperlukan.jurnal yg diperlukan.2. Jika kesalahan belum saling diseimbangkan,2. Jika kesalahan belum saling diseimbangkan, diperlukan ayat jurnal utk penyesuain R/E.diperlukan ayat jurnal utk penyesuain R/E.b. Jika Pembukuan belum ditutupb. Jika Pembukuan belum ditutup1. Sdh diseimbangkan dan pershn. Memasuki th 1. Sdh diseimbangkan dan pershn. Memasuki th

ke-2, perlu jurnal utk koreksi periode berjln + ke-2, perlu jurnal utk koreksi periode berjln + menyesuaikan saldo Laba ditahan.menyesuaikan saldo Laba ditahan.

Counterbalancing Counterbalancing ErrorsErrors

Page 23: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

A change to or from the equity method A change to or from the equity method requires restatement of all prior period requires restatement of all prior period statements.statements.

A change from the equity method to the A change from the equity method to the fair value method must be made when:fair value method must be made when:

the investor’s level of influence falls below the the investor’s level of influence falls below the required percentage of ownershiprequired percentage of ownership

A change from the fair value method to A change from the fair value method to the equity method must be made when:the equity method must be made when:the investor’s level of influencethe investor’s level of influence rises above the rises above the required percentage of ownershiprequired percentage of ownership

Changing From and to Changing From and to the Equity Methodthe Equity Method

Page 24: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

The cost basis for accounting purposes is The cost basis for accounting purposes is the carrying amount of the investment at the carrying amount of the investment at the date of the change.the date of the change.The earnings and losses (previously recognized) The earnings and losses (previously recognized) remain part of the carrying valueremain part of the carrying valueAny amortization previously needed under the Any amortization previously needed under the equity method ceasesequity method ceases

To the extent that dividends received by To the extent that dividends received by investor exceed investor’s share of investor exceed investor’s share of investee’s earnings in subsequent investee’s earnings in subsequent periods:periods:Such excesses are reductions of the investment Such excesses are reductions of the investment carrying amount carrying amount

Changing from the Changing from the Equity MethodEquity Method

Page 25: Chapter 22: Accounting Changes and Error Analysis

The following amounts are The following amounts are retroactively adjusted (as if the retroactively adjusted (as if the investor had held the investment investor had held the investment during all prior periods):during all prior periods):

The carrying value of the investmentThe carrying value of the investment The results of current and prior period The results of current and prior period

operationsoperations The retained earnings of the investorThe retained earnings of the investor Any balances in unrealized holding gains Any balances in unrealized holding gains

and losses are eliminated.and losses are eliminated. The available-for-sale classification is also The available-for-sale classification is also

removed.removed.

Changing to the Equity Changing to the Equity MethodMethod