chapter 21: immunoprophylaxis and immunotherapy i. immunoprophylaxis ii. immunotherapy
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 21: Immunoprophylaxis and Immunotherapy
I. Immunoprophylaxis
II. Immunotherapy
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I. ImmunoprophylaxisConception
1. The way of acquired specific immunization
2. The classification and characteristics of
Artificial immunization
3. Biological product and their application
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1. The way of acquired specific immunization
Natural immunization: heredity, non-specific
Acquired immunization: acquired, specific
Active immunization: natural, artificial
Passive immunization: natural, artificial
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Immunity can be acquired through active and passive immunization
Type acquired through
Active immunization: Natural infection or inapparent infection Artificial infection: vaccine, toxoid, attenuated organisms inactivated organisms purified microbioal macromoleculesPassive immunization: Natural maternal antibody Artificial immune serum
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I. ImmunoprophylaxisConception
1. The way of acquired specific immunization
2. The classification and characteristics of
Artificial immunization
3. Biological product and their application
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2. The classification and characteristics of Artificial immunization
Artificial active immunization:
Artificial passive immunization:
Comparison:
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Artificial active immunization Conception:
Features: 1. The production of the effect:
slow ( induction phase:1-4weeks )
2. The persistent time of immunity:
long (months-years)
3. The application: specific prophylaxis
4. The agents: Ag: vaccine, toxids
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Artificial passive immunization Conception:
Features: 1. The production of the effect: fast
2. The persistent time of immunity: short (2-3weeks)
3. The application: treatment and urgent prophylaxis
4. The agents: Ab: antitoxin
antiserum
human gammaglobulin
synthetic peptides
anti-idiotype antibodies
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Artificial active Artificial passive immunization immunization
Injecting agents: Ag (vaccines, toxids) Ab (antitoxin, antiserum) Producting time: slow (induction phase:1-4W) at oncePersistenting time: long (months or years) slow (2weeks or months)The main application: specific prophylaxis urgent prophylaxis or (infectious diseases) treatment
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I. ImmunoprophylaxisConception
1. The way of acquired specific immunization
2. The classification and characteristics of
Artificial immunization
3. Biological product and their application
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3. Biological product and their application
Biological producta. Vaccine: Live vaccine (attenuated vaccine) Killed vaccine Comparison*:b. Toxoid: TAT, DATc. New vaccine: Live vaccine Chemical vaccine or subunit vaccine Compound vaccine Genetic engineering vaccine Anti-idiotype vaccine
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死疫苗和活疫苗的比较
活疫苗 死疫苗
接种方式: 模拟自然感染途径 皮下注射 (皮内,划痕法)接种剂量: 较小 较大接种次数: 多数只需一次 两次或多次 (体内有一定繁殖) (体内不繁殖)副作用: 反应较小 反应较大 (发热、全身或局部反应)免疫效果: 较好,持续 3-5 年或更长 较差,持续数月 -1 年疫苗保存: 易失效,冻干 4C 保存 较易保存,较稳定
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Recombinant vaccine
DNA from pathogen
Plasmid
Vaccinia promoter
Ligation
Plasmid
Recombinantplasmid
Vaccinia virus
transfection infection
Animal-cell culture
Recombinant vaccinia
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Anti-idiotype antibodies as vaccine
antibodyantigen
Antigen may be protein,carbohydrate,etc.
Antigenicdeterminant
Miceimmunized idiotype1
First antibody selectedfor high affinity forimmunizing antigen,made monoclonal
Anti-idiotype antibodiesRaised against idiotype 1
Second antibodiesscreened for similarityto original antigen
Anti-idiotype 1
Anti-idiotype 1
like antigen unlike antigen
vaccine
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II. ImmunotherapyConception
1. Immunopotentiator and indication
2. Immunosuppressant and indication
3. Immunomodulator and the use of them
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1. Immunopotentiator and indication
a. Immunopotentiator:
Chemical agents:
levomisole, cimetidine,isoprinosine(ISO)
Microbiological agents: BCG, vp
Proteins of immune system: Ig,iRNA
b. Indication:
e.g. Tumor, Immunodeficiency, Infectional diseases
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2. Immunosuppressant and indication
a. Immunosuppressant*: Chemical agents: Cyclophosphamide, Cy Azathioprine, Aza Hormone: steroids Microbiological agents: CyclosporineA(CsA), Tacrolimus, FK-506 b. Indication: Organ transplantation Hypersensitivity diseases Autoimmune diseases Infectious diseases
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Immunosuppression with Drugs
Steroids
APC
Graft cells
MHC-ITCR-CD3
CD8
Tc
Tc
Th proliferation
Cyclosporin Azathioprine
M
TCR-CD3
CD4
MHC-II
Tc
IL-2R
IFN IL-2
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inactivation
抑制免疫应答:抑制免疫应答: Hypersensitivity DiseaseHypersensitivity Disease Autoimmunity DiseaseAutoimmunity Disease Graft rejection responsesGraft rejection responses
Anti-B7AbCTLA4 IgAnti-CD28
阻断 co-stimulatory signals
THAPC MHC TCR
Ag
CD28
B7
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3.Immunomodulator and the use of them
a. Biological response modifier, BRM
b.Classification and function of BRM
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b.Classification and function of BRM 1. Immunoreconstitution: hemopoietic stem cell and thymus 2. Monoclonal antibodies (McAb) and targeted drug McAb: Anti-CD3, Anti-CD4, Anti-CD8 Targeted drug*: Immunotoxin, IT Immunoconjugate, Radioimmunoconjugate 3. Cytokines and actived immune cells Cytokines*: Ils, IFN, TNF, CSF, TGF and Small molecular polypeptides. Immune cells: LAK, TIL 4. Tumor vaccine 5. Gene therapy*: CK gene therapy
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Tumor
McAb-toxin
McAb-enzyme
McAb-medicine
McAb-isotope
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Cytokine therapy for tumorsCytokine tumor type and results Cytokine effects and possible anti-tumor mechanisms Prolonged remissions of possible cytostatic
hairy-cell leukemia effect on tumorweak effects on some increased expression of carcinoma MHC class I, cytostasis
remission of peritoneal increased MHC class I and II carcinoma of the ovary macrophage activation
Tc activation, cytostasis
IFN
IFN
IL-2Remission in renal cancer T-cell activation and and melanoma proliferation NK-cell activation
TNF ? Increased tumor cell adhensioncan reduce macrophage and lymphocyte malignant ascites activation
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Enhancing immune responseEnhancing immune response :: Tumor immunity treatmentTumor immunity treatment
B7
TransfectionB7gene
CTLMHC TCR
Ag
CD28
Tumor cellsignal1
signal2
CTLMHC TCR
Ag
CD28
Tumor cellsignal1
signal2
CTLactivatedKiller tumor cell
CTLactivatedKiller tumor cell