chapter 21 electricity. opposite charges attract, like repel charged objects can cause electrons to...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 21
Electricity
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Opposite charges attract, like repelCharged objects can cause electrons to rearrange their positions on a neutral object
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Three methods of charging objects with static electricity
1. Friction- movement of electrons caused by rubbing
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2.Conduction: flow of electrons by direct contact
Conductor: material that allows electrons to move easily through it (metals)
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Insulator: material that doesn’t allow electrons to move through it easily (plastic, rubber, glass, wood, and air)
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3. Induction- rearrangement of electric charges
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Static Electricity: accumulation of electric charges on an object and is stationary or not moving
Loosely held electrons are transferred from one object to another
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Electric Discharge-The loss of static electricity as electrons move off an object and usually into the airLightning Shocking someone after rubbing your feet as you walk on carpet in the winter
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Section 2
Lightning: very large discharge of static electricity
Billions and billions of electrons
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Circuit: closed path through which electrons can flow
Current: flow of electrons through a wire or conductor
Ampere
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Series circuit: current has only one path it can travel
When any part of a series circuit is disconnected, no current can flow through the circuit (Christmas lights)
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Parallel Circuit: contain separate branches for current to move through
When one branch is open, the current continues to flow through the other branches
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Parallel Circuit: contain separate branches for current to move through
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Electroscope: device that detects the presence of an electric charge
Two thin metal leaves attached to a metal rod with a knob at the top
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The two leaves move away from each other when they become charged
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Lightning Rod: device that is grounded to the Earth so that it can carry lightning harmlessly to the ground
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Section 3
Electrons flow from places of higher potential energy to those with lower until equal
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Potential difference: difference in potential between two different places
Volts (v)
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Batteries
Dry Cell: “electron pump” because it has a potential difference between the positive and negative terminals
Continues as long as the chemical reaction occurs
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Batteries
Wet Cell: two connected plates made of different metals in an electrolyte solution
Ex. Car battery
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Resistance: tendency for a material to oppose the flow of electronsOhms ()
Material, size & length, temperature all affect resistance
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Ohm’s Law: current in a metal conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends & inversely proportional to the resistance
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V (volts) = I (amperes) x R (ohms)
Practice Problems 1 & 2 (pg. 558)
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Either a fuse or a circuit breaker is wired between every parallel circuit and the main switch box
Fuse – melts Breaker - bends
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Section 5
Electrical Power: rate at which electrical energy is converted to another form of energy (W) watts
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Power = current x voltageP = I x V
Practice Problems 1 & 2 (pg. 566)
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Kilowatt- hour: 1000 watts of power used for one hour
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Energy = power x timeE = P x t
Practice Problems 1 & 2 (pg. 568)