REVOLUTIONARY CHANGES IN THE ATLANTIC WORLD, 1750-1850

Chapter 21 AP World History

The American Revolution

Main Idea

Enlightenment ideas helped spur the American colonies to shed British rule and create a new nation

Why it matters now

The revolution created a republic, the United States of America, that became a model for many nations of the world.

Colonies grow large and populous during 1600’s and 1700’s

Thrive economically with trade with Europe

Britain’s Navigation Act (1651) restrict trade

Other trade laws add restrictions and taxes

Colonists start to identify less as British Subjects

Colonists and Britain win the French and Indian War

Britain expected colonists to help pay for war

Colonists benefited from victory

Britain paid for the costs of the war

Passed Stamp Acthelp pay for cost of F&I war

“Taxation without representation”

Colonists protest tea tax with “Boston Tea Party”

First Continental Congress meets in 1774 to discuss treatment of Boston

King George closes Boston Harbor and occupies Boston

King ignored complaints

Second Continental CongressShots fired at Lexington and Concord

Second Continental Congress voted to raise army

George Washington commander of army

Declaration of IndependenceJustified colonial rebellion

Based heavily on Enlightenment Ideas

John Locke asserted people could overthrow an unjust government

Written by Thomas Jefferson

Americans win Independence

Despite military might colonists have advantages:

Motivations for Freedom

Assistance from French

War was expensive for Britain

British surrender at Yorktown 1781

New American GovernmentArticles of Confederation first government

Give more power to states than national government

Constitutional Convention of 1787

Recognized the need for strong central government

Separation of powers & checks and balances

Federalist system-power between national and states

Those who were opposed to the Constitution feared individual rights would be abused

Anti-Federalits

FederalistsSupported Constitution and promised a

Bill of Rights

Constitution and Bill of RightsDemonstrated Enlightenment rights could be put into practice so that reason and reform could succeed in government

1. Why did the colonist consider the stamp act as “taxation without representation”?

2. How did John Locke’s notion of the social contract influence the American colonists?

3. Why were the colonists able to achieve victory in the American revolution?

4. Making inferences: Why might it be important to have a bill of rights that guarantees basic rights?

5. Forming and supporting opinions; Do you think the American revolution would have happened if there had not been an age of enlightenment?

6. Analyzing causes: Why do you think the colonist at first created such a weak central government?

7. Yellow book page 26 & 28, just number and letter.

FRENCH REVOLUTION AND NAPOLEON, 1789-1815

The French Revolution Begins

Main Idea-Economic and social inequalities in the Old Regime helped cause the French Revolution.

Why It Matters Now-Throughout history, economic and social inequalities have at times led peoples to revolt against their governments.

IntroductionFrance was the center of Enlightenment

Prosperous trading practices

Widely praised culture

High prices and taxes

Creates civil unrest

The Old Regime

System of Feudalism that contained 3 social classes

First Estate- Clergy- No TAXES

Second Estate- Rich Nobles- No TAXES

Third Estate- Peasants, urban workers, middle class

Catholic Church

Few privileges and huge tax burden97% of population

High taxes damage the economy in 1780s, had to pay for American Revolution

King Louis XVI and Queen Marie Antoinette

Inherit large debt

Spends extravagantly despite debt

Banks refuse to lend more money

Louis XVI didn’t care about governing

High grain prices due to bad harvests created a starving population

Louis XVI’s poor leadership makes the problems worse

Madame Deficit

Third Estate wanted changes

The king refused to change rules of Estates General

Sieyes suggests Third Estate start a new legislature

Pass laws and reforms in the name of the French peopleFirst step towards revolution

Tennis Court Oath 1789Pledge to stay until a new Constitution

was written

Louis XVI Calls Estates GeneralMeeting of representatives from all three estates

The National Assembly

Louis calls it to help fix economy by taxes

A Great Fear Sweeps FranceRumors and panic spread Attacks by peasants all over country

Peasants destroy legal papers binding them to feudal system

Force Louis XVI to return to Paris from Versailles

Storming the Bastille

Started by rumors Louis XVI wanted to shut down National Assembly as well as attack by foreign invaders

Mob attacks the Bastille and kills guards

July 14, 1789 viewed as France’s Independence Day

Symbol of oppression

Women march on Versailles from Paris because of rising bread costs

1. Why were the members of the third estate dissatisfied with life under the Old Regime?

2. How did Louis XVI’s weak leadership contribute to the growing crisis in France?

3. How did the purpose of the meeting of the Estates-General in 1789 change?

4. Forming and supporting opinions. Were changes in the French government inevitable? Explain.

5. Analyzing motives. Why do you think some members of the first and second estates joined the National Assembly and worked to reform the government?

6. Comparing and contrasting. How were the storming of the Bastille and the women’s march on Versailles similar? How were they different?

http://www.history.com/videos/origins-of-the-french-revolution#origins-of-the-french-revolution

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror Main Idea

-The revolutionary government of France made reforms but also used terror and violence to retain power.

Why It Matters Now-Some governments that lack the support of a majority of their people still use fear to control their citizens.

Revolution Brings Reform and Terror

Assembly Reforms FranceThe National Assembly adopts the Rights

of Man and of the Citizen

Slogan, “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

To pay debt Assembly seizes church lands

Turns clergy into public officials-Civil Constitution of the Clergy

MEN (not women) are “Born and remain free and equal in rights”

“Natural rights of man; these rights are liberty, property, security, and resistance

to oppression.”

Alarms peasants, who are devout Catholics

Drives a wedge between peasants and the Assembly

Louis XVI tries to flee FranceFears for his future

Revolutionaries catch him near Netherlands border

National Assembly establishes a limited Constitutional Monarchy

Louis only has executive powers

Legislative Assembly has the power to create laws and approve or prevent any war the King may declare

Only men over 25yrs who paid a certain amount of taxes could voteStill only wealthy can serve in government but not necessarily noble

Divisions develop

Within the National Assembly 3 groups develop

Radicals- wanted sweeping changes

Moderates- wanted some changes

Conservatives- wanted few changes

Outside the legislature divisions deepen

Emigres- nobles who fled France and wanted to undo the revolution

Parisian wage earners- wanted the revolution to expand

Known as Sans-Culottes

Major problems persist including debt and food shortages

War and ExecutionEuropean countries watched France

Didn’t want revolution to spread

Austria and Prussia urged France to restore Louis XVI

France responds by declaring warWar goes badly for France

Prussian forces threaten ParisParisian mob throws royal family in jail

Rumors spread jailed loyalists are planning to escape and take over

Mob attacks jail and kills over 1,000 people

France becomes a Republic

Afraid of attack ,Radicals and the Assembly dissolves itself and abolishes Monarchy

National Convention takes control

Jacobins convict Louis of treason and execute him

Radical Jacobins take control

Jean-Paul Marat leader advocated the death of everyone who supported the king

Under new government Louis was just acommon citizen

War expands

Great Britain, Holland and Spain joined in war against France

Jacobins amassed more enemiesPeasants horrified at execution of King,

Priests, other political opponents

Maximilien Robespierre assumes controlSet out to build a “Republic of Virtue”

Wanted to wipe out all traces of Monarchy and Nobility Closed all the churches

Committee of Public Safety

Began the Reign of Terror

To “protect” the Revolution from it’s enemies

40,000 people killed

Most former members of the Third Estate

Eventually he was arrested and executedFrance tires of terror

More moderate government takes overExecutive branch 5 person Directory

Became very corrupt and depended on the military to stay in power which leads to its downfall, 2 house legislative branch

Deaths from the Reign of Terror

1st and 2nd Estate

3rd Estate

Who was Robespierre working for?

1. What major reforms did the national assembly introduce?

2. What did the divisions in the Legislative Assembly say about the differences in French society?

3. How did the reign of terror come to an end?4. How does the slogan “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity”

sum up the goals of the Revolution?5. What similarities and differences do you see

between the political factions in the legislative assembly and those in the U.S. government today?

6. What factors led to Robespierre becoming a dictator?

Napoleon Forges an Empire

Main Idea

-Napoleon Bonaparte, a military genius, seized power in France and made himself emperor.

Why It Matters Now

-In times of political turmoil, military leaders often seize control of nations.

The Directory appoints Napoleon Bonaparte commander of armies

Born in Corsica

Attended Military School

Early Life

Joins the army

Hero of the HourNapoleon defeats royalist rebels in 1795

Wins victories in Italy and gains popularity

Suppresses news of losses in Egypt

Napoleon Bonaparte5’ 3” man rose from obscurity to become leader of France

Coup d’Etat

By 1799 the Directory had lost control

No confidence of French peoplePolitical chaos

Need for a strong leaderNapoleon uses army to surround legislature

Established a group of three ConsulsNapoleon used power to become dictator

Napoleon rules France

A Plebiscite (vote of the people) establishes a new constitution

Defeats British, Russians, and Austrians

Made Napoleon First Consul

Sudden seizure of power

Napoleon and Reform

Kept many changes of the RevolutionSupport laws that strengthened the central

governmentWorked to stabilize the economy

Sets up banking system

Efficient tax collection

Created government run schoolsLycees

Mended relations with Catholic Church

Signed Concordat (or agreement) with Church

Recognized influence of church

Rejected church control in national affairs

Gained popular support with majority of people

Napoleonic Code

Uniform set of laws

Napoleon crowns himself EmperorThe Pope presented Napoleon with the crown

Crowned himself to show superiority

Napoleon creates an empireOriginally wanted an empire in America as well

Losses in Saint Domingue force him to rethinkDecides to sell the Louisiana Territory for $15 Million

Needed money to finance operations in Europe

Annoy British by assuring “the power of the United States”

War in EuropeBritain, Russia, Austria and Sweden join forcesNapoleon crushed them and forced peace treaty

Napoleon Creates an Empire

The Battle of TrafalgarBritish win naval battle

Napoleon gives up ideas of British InvasionAssures the supremacy of British Navy for 100 yearsTried to find other ways to control Britain

Eventually led to downfall

The French Empire

Napoleon controls most of Europe

Except Britain, Portugal, Sweden, and Ottoman EmpireUses alliances and puppet rulers to control

At its largest 1807-1812

Questions1. What major reforms did the national assembly introduce?

2. What did the divisions in the Legislative Assembly say about the differences in French society?

3. How did the reign of terror come to an end?

4. How does the slogan “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” sum up the goals of the Revolution?

5. What similarities and differences do you see between the political factions in the legislative assembly and those in the U.S. government today?

6. What factors led to Robespierre becoming a dictator?

7. How did Napoleon become a hero in France?

8. What did Napoleon consider his greatest triumph in domestic policy?

9. How was Napoleon able to control the countries neighboring in the French empire?

10. In your opinion, was Napoleon the creator of the creation of his times?

11. Napoleon had to deal with forces both inside and outside the French empire. Which area do you think was more important to control?

12. If you had been a member of the bourgeoisie, would you have been satisfied with the results of napoleons actions? Explain.

13. Yellow book 30

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

Main Idea

-Napoleon’s conquests aroused nationalistic feelings across Europe and contributed to his downfall.

Why It Matters Now

-In the 1990’s, nationalistic feelings contributed to the breakup of nations, such as Yugoslavia.

Napoleon’s Empire Collapses

Napoleon makes 3 Costly Mistakes

Continental System

Blockade of Britain

Economic plan to strengthen continental Europe

Weaken Britain

Smugglers and uncooperative allies

Britain responds with own blockade

Britain fights in War of 1812 with no major damage

Napoleon needs a male heirDivorces barren wifeMarries Austrian Princess

Has a son, Napoleon II

Continental System, Peninsular War, Invasion of Russia

Peninsular War

Napoleon sends troops across Spain

Causes a big protest

Napoleon makes his brother King of Spain

Spanish guerrillas resist

Small groups that attacked then disappeared

Britain aids guerrillas

Napoleon loses 300,000 soldiers

Other nationalist rebels fight the French

Portugal ignores Continental System

War lasts 5 years

The Invasion of RussiaRelations with Russia break down

Napoleon decides to invadeJune 1812 420,000 French Troops invade Russia

Russians use scorched-earth-policy

Burn grain fields, slaughter live stock, and leave nothing for the enemy

Napoleon finds Moscow burnt

Tries to stay for 5 weeks and gave up

Ordered army back to France

Disease, wounds, exhaustion, and severe cold

Only 10,000 troops make it back

Napoleon’s DownfallBritain, Prussia, Sweden, Russia,

and Austria join forces

Napoleon’s army depleted Lost over 710,000 troops

Must recruit poorly trained non-veterans

Napoleon quickly defeatedExiled to Elba

A tiny island off the coast of Italy

Napoleon’s EndLouis XVIII crowned king- The Hundred Days BeginsSoon overthrown and Napoleon returns

British and Prussian forces defeat FranceLed by the Duke of Wellingtion

Battle of Waterloo

Napoleon exiled to St. Helena

Dies six years laterPoisoned?

History Revolution Song

http://www.history.com/videos/the-french-revolution#the-french-revolution

1. How did Great Britain combat Napoleon’s naval blockade?

2. Why did Napoleon have trouble fighting the enemy forces in the Peninsular War?

3. Why was Napoleon’s delay of the retreat from Moscow such a great blunder?

4. Why did some people resist Napoleon’s efforts to build an empire?

5. Napoleon had no choice but to invade Russia. Do you agree with his statement? Why or why not?

6. Do you think that Napoleon was a great leader? Explain.

The Congress of Vienna

Main Idea

-After exiling Napoleon, European leaders at the Congress of Vienna tried to restore order and reestablish peace.

Why It Matters Now

-International bodies such as the United Nations play an active role in trying to maintain world peace and stability today.

The French Revolution and Napoleon’s rule left Europe in turmoil. If you were a ruler in

Europe after Napoleons defeat, what would be the first issue you would want to address and why?

1. Europe at war for 25 years2. An Economy

3. Rulers deposed4. Napoleon gone-power vacuum

5. Unstable governments6. Rising democracy

The Congress of Vienna

The Congress of ViennaSeries of meetings after Napoleon was defeatedGoals

Collective security

Stability for Europe

Prince Klemmens Von Metternich

Foreign minister from Austria

Influential at Congress

Believed in balance of power

No one country a threat to stability

Aristocrat against ideas of French Revolution

Wanted to restore Europe’s royal families

Metternich’s PlanContainment of France

Kingdom of Netherlands formedSwitzerland independent

Austria dominates German Confederation

39 German statesFrance is weakened but left mostly intact

Legitimacy

Monarchs deposed by Napoleon returned to thrones

Hope to restore order

Holy AllianceRussia, Austria and Prussia

Pledge to fight revolutions

Concert of EuropeMetternich’s plan to prevent revolutions

Nations help one another if revolutions broke outCongress of Vienna was a precursor to United Nations

Legacy of Congress of ViennaAll European governments get together

Fair deals worked out to avoid war

Peace preserved for 40 years

No country held a grudge

Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, and later France

French Revolution permanently changes ideas about power and authority

18th century ideas were discarded and principles of equity and justice prevailed (Democracy)

Revolutions in South America (Simon Bolivar)

After Napoleon replaced the King of Spain former colonies of Spain and Portugal rebelled and gained independence

Britain and Prussia gain power

Nationalism grows and leads to revolutions

My kind of sarcasm

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7cGyraI3PM&feature=related

History in 11

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTTvKwCylFY

1. What were the three points of Metternich’s plan for Europe?

2. Why was the Congress of Vienna considered a success?

3. What was the long-term legacy of the Congress of Vienna?

4. From France’s point of view were Congress of Vienna’s decision fair?

5. What do you think is meant by the statement that the French revolution let the “genie out of the bottle”?

6. Yellow book page 32

Comparing and Contrasting the American Revolution with the French Revolution

American Revolution wanted self-government while France wants to completely change its style

Both favored representative governments

French Revolution was bloodier and more radical

American Revolution created a lasting document and government (constitution)