Chapter 20

The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism• The Emergence of

Nationalism– Nationalism – a nation

should be composed of people who are joined together by the bonds of a common culture; political and ethnic boundaries should coincide

• Opposition to the Vienna Settlement– challenged the domestic

and international order of the Vienna Settlement

– popular sovereignty - the concept that political and legislative power resides with the citizens

• Creating Nations– historians, writers, and literary scholars used

printed word to create a sense of national identity– language became a an effective cornerstone of in

the foundation of nationalism because of the print culture

• Meaning of Nationhood– nationhood came to be associated with groups

that were large enough to support a viable economy, that had a significant cultural history, that possessed a cultural history, that possessed a cultural elite that could nourish and spread the national language , and that had the military capacity to conquer other peoples or to establish and protect their own independence

• Regions of Nationalistic Pressure– Ireland, German states, Italian states, Poland,

Eastern Europe, Southeastern Europe

• Early 19th Century Political Liberalism– Liberalism – anyone who challenged their own

political, social or religious values

• Political Goals – embraced Enlightenment thinkers, examples of English liberties, and the ideals of the French Revolution

– Limit the power of the government – constitutional government that represents the people; Legal equality; Religious toleration; Freedom of the press

– Those who were liberal tended to be educated, relatively wealthy, educated, professionals or involved with commercial/manufacturing segments of economy

• did not promote democracy – wanted propertied classes represented; privilege based on wealth and property rather than birth

• Economic Goals – End mercantilism, regulated economies, and any barrier to

trade– Wanted an economic structure in which people were at

liberty to use whatever talents and property they possessed to enrich themselves – free markets and laissez faire

• Conservative Governments: The Domestic Political Order

• Conservative Outlooks– conservatism – legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies

and established churches who wanted to keep traditional ways of politics, social structure and economics

– the French Revolution and Napoleonic wars not only struck fear into the conservative order but also allowed them to exercise firm control over their populations

• Liberalism and Nationalism Resisted in Austria and the German States

– Clemens Von Metternich and Lord Castlereagh – architects of Vienna Settlement

– Dynastic Integrity of the Habsburg Empire – Fear of ethnic minorities and nationalism; dominated Italian

states and German Confederation

• Defeat of Prussian Reform• Frederick William III reestablished the old bonds linking

monarchy, army and landowners

• Student Nationalism and the Carlsbad Decrees

– Burchenschaften – student associations that called for on united German state; Karl Sand assassinates August von Kotzebue

– Carlsbad Decrees – dissolves Burchenschaften, creates university inspectors and censors the press

– Final Act – limits what constitutional chambers can discuss, reasserts right of monarch, and unleashed secret police against dissidents

• Postwar Repression in Great Britain

• Lord Liverpool’s Ministry and Popular Unrest

• Lord Liverpool sought to protect the interests of the landed and wealthy classes– Corn Laws passed; replaced

wealthy income tax with sales taxes; Combination Acts; talk of removing Poor Law

– Coercion Acts in response to protests – suspended habeas corpus and extended existing laws against seditious gatherings

• Peterloo and the Six Acts– Peterloo Masacre in

Manchester– Six Acts – forbade large

unauthorized meetings, raised fines for seditious libel, speeded up trials for political agitators, increased newspaper taxes, prohibited the training of armed groups and allowed search of homes

– Cato Street Conspiracy – discredits liberal movements

• Bourbon Restoration in France• The Charter – hereditary

monarchy and bicameral legislature; upper house – Chamber of Peers and lower house – Chamber of Deputies

• guaranteed most rights from Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen; religious toleration; no challenge to property rights gained during revolution

• Ultraroyalism – royalist supporters who suffered during the revolution

• White Terror – attacks on supporters of the revolution after the battle of Waterloo

• Assassination of duke of Berri – heir to the throne – led to government crackdown on liberalism and its supporters

• The Conservative International Order– The Congress System – first meeting of

Conservative Europe at Aix-la-Chapelle

• The Spanish Revolution of 1820– military revolt against Ferdinand VII to

restore constitution; Metternich gets Austria, Prussia and Russia to support French intervention in Spain

– the combined force puts down the revolution and saves monarchy of Ferdindand VII

– the member countries of the Concert of Europe did not use their alliance to gain power or territory – they sought to maintain international order

– British Prime Minister George Canning focused on breaking Spain’s trading monopoly in Latin America – he recognized independent Latin American countries and the Monroe Doctrine

• Revolt Against Ottoman Rule in the Balkans• The Eastern Question – what to do about the

Ottoman’s inability to assure political and administrative stability in its possessions

• Britain, France and Russia intervene in Greek fight for independence

• Treaty of London – independent Greece with German king Otto I• Treaty of Adrianople – Russia takes modern day Romania from

Ottomans

• Serbia– Kara George led guerilla war against Ottomans from 1804-

1813 giving Serbs a national identity– Milos Obrenovitch negotiates for autonomy then

independence– Russia becomes Serbia’s formal protector