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AP Biology: Unit 4 Study Guide Name: _____________________

Chapter 22Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life

1. What is natural selection?

2. What are evolutionary adaptations (adaptations) and how do organisms get them?

3. What is evolution?

The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species

4. Carolus Linneaus (1707 – 1778) is most famous for founding the study of taxonomy and method of naming species called binomial nomenclature. Define:

a. Taxonomy:

b. Binomial nomenclature:

5. Georges Cuvier (1769 – 1832) was one of the first people to study fossils in a scientific way (paleontology). What two observations did he make about fossil assemblages?

a.

b.

c. He felt that his observations were best explained by the concept of catastrophism. Contrast catastrophism and gradualism.

6. James Hutton (1726 – 1797) and Charles Lyell (1797 – 1875) were some of the most important geologists of their day. Their ideas lead to the concept of uniformitarianism. What is uniformitarianism and what is the implication of this concept on our understanding of the age of the earth?

AP Biology Study Guide page 1Unit 4: Evolution

7. Jean Baptiste de Lamarck (1744 – 1829) was the first person to offer a scientific mechanism of evolution. He was also the first to explain the fossil record within the context of evolution. However, he is also remembered for problems with his mechanism. List the two parts of his mechanism that appear to be flawed:

a.

b.

Charles Darwin (1809 – 1882) is the most famous of the early evolutionary biologists because he proposed a mechanism of evolution that has become widely accepted by biologists (and has stood up to an incredibly high number of observations and studies). In The Origin of Species Darwin proposed that species change through natural selection

8. List 5 observations that Darwin made while on the Beagle (1831).

a.

b.

c.

d.

e.

9. Who is Alfred Russel Wallace (1823 – 1913) and how did his work spur Darwin into publishing his theory?

10. What are the two main ideas in The Origin of Species?

a.

b.

11. What terms did Darwin use instead of “evolution?”


12. What is the difference between an inference and an observation?

13. Ernst Mayr distilled Darwin’s theory of natural selection into 5 observations and 3 inferences. Fill in the following table (feel free to abbreviate). Very important: memorize!

Observation #1

Observation #2

Observation #3

Inference #1

Observation #4

Observation #5

Inference #2

Inference #3

14. What is the inherent goal of most organisms and what two things do they do to meet this goal?

a. Goal –

b. One requirement to meet this goal –

c. Another requirement to meet this goal –


15. Look at your class notes – your teacher has put natural selection into a series of steps. In the table below, fill in the steps and those that have lead to the evolution of the features listed.

Steps of Natural Selection (notes)

Evolution of camouflage of stick mantids (see Fig. 22.11)

Evolution of blindness (loss of eyes) in blind cave fish.

16. Fill in the following table:Scientist(s) How this scientists ideas influenced Darwin’s thinking

Linneaus

Cuvier

Hutton and Lyell

Lamarck

Thomas Malthus

17. Compare and contrast artificial selection and natural selection.


18. Each of the following statements is FALSE. Explain why.a. Antelope can run fast because they had to in order to stay away from cheetahs.

b. A newt evolved to be poisonous so that it could defend itself against garter snakes.

c. Cave fish lost their eyes because they did not need them anymore.

d. Lions would be successful predators, no matter where they live.

19. What is the smallest unit that can evolve (individual, population, or species)?

20. What is the definition of a population?

Darwin’s theory explains a wide range of observations21. Describe one example where scientists have witnessed natural selection.

22. What is homology?


23. Fill in the following table:Character Definition Example of how it can be

explained from an evolutionary perspective

Homologous structures

Vestigial structures

Molecular homologies

Biogeography

Fossils

24. Explain what is meant by a scientific theory. How is that different than the word “theory” as it is used in everyday conversation?


Chapter 23The Evolution of Populations

1. The smallest unit of evolution is the ____________________________ not the ___________________________.

Population genetics provides a foundation for studying evolution2. Why did Darwin’s model of evolution not include any information about genetics?

3. What is population genetics?

4. What is the “Modern Synthesis?”

5. Define:

a. Population –

b. Species –

c. Gene pool –

6. What does it mean when we say a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

7. What is the Hardy-Weinberg equation?

8. What are the 5 conditions for a population to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

a.

b.

c.

d.

e. AP Biology Study Guide page 7Unit 4: Evolution

Mutations and sexual recombination produce the variation that makes evolution possible9. Ultimately, what is the source of all new genes and alleles?

10. Give an example of how a point mutation has changed the survival rate of an organism.

11. Give an example of how a gene duplication has changed an organism.

12. Why is HIV such a difficult virus to make a vaccine or drug treatment for?

13. What is the main process in creating genetic variation in the following types of organisms?a. Eukaryotes –

b. Prokaryotes –

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter a population’s genetic composition14. Explain how natural selection changes the allele frequencies in a population.

15. Genetic drifta. What is genetic drift?

b. Bottleneck effecti. What is it?

ii. How does it affect the gene frequencies in a population?

iii. Give an example of a population that experienced a bottleneck.


c. Founder effecti. What is it?

ii. How does it affect the gene frequencies in a population?

iii. Give an example of a population that experienced the founder effect.

16. What is gene flow and how does it affect populations?

Natural selection is the primary mechanism of adaptive evolution17. How are geographic variation and cline related to each other?

18. Are all clines the result of genetic differences? Explain.

19. What is the evolutionary definition of the following terms:a. Fitness –

b. Relative fitness –


20. Natural selection can favor some phenotypes over others, resulting in three different modes. Fill in the following table regarding these modes.

Mode of selection

Phenotype that is selected for (one end of distribution, middle of distribution, two

ends of distribution)

Sketch of a graph showing this mode

Long term effect on the population

Directional Selection

Disruptive Selection

Stabilizing Selection

21. Genetic variation is maintained in a variety of ways. Briefly explain how each of the following maintains genetic variation within a population.

a. Diploidy –

b. Balancing selection –

c. Heterozygote advantage –

d. Frequency dependent selection –

e. Neutral variation –


22. What is sexual selection and how can it result in sexual dimorphism?

23. Give an example of an organism that is a product of sexual selection.

24. Sex can be a dangerous and expensive way to reproduce, yet most eukaryotic organisms reproduce sexually. Therefore, there must be a selective advantage to reproducing sexually. What is it?

25. Organisms are not perfectly adapted to their environments. Your book lists 4 reasons. List each reason and an example of an organism that fits each reason.

Reason Example


Practice Problems: Show your work!

1. Phenylketonuria (PKU) is an autosomal recessive gene on chromosome 12. People with this disease are unable to process the amino acid phenylalanine, which then accumulates in their bodies. This causes a buildup of phenylpyruvic acid in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), which leads to mental retardation, a slow growth rate, and early death. People with PKU can manage their disease through diet, avoiding all phenylalanine until brain development is complete (late teens). About 1 in 12,000 newborns has PKU.

a. If 65,000 people live in Rio Rancho, about how many people would have PKU? Show your work.

b. If 1 person in 12,000 actually has PKU, what fraction of people are carriers (heterozygotes)? Show your work.

c. About how many people in Rio Rancho are carriers for PKU? Show your work.

2. In a large interbreeding population, 81% of the individuals are homozygous for a recessive character. In the absence of mutation or selection, what percentage of the next generation would be homozygous recessives? Homozygous dominants? Heterozygotes? Show your work.


3. The S-s antigen system in humans is controlled by two codominant alleles, S and s. In a group of 3146 individuals the following genotypic frequencies were found: 188 SS, 717 Ss, and 2241 ss.a. Calculate the frequency of the S and s alleles. Show your work.

4. Determine whether the genotypic frequencies conform to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium by using the chi-square test. Show your work.


df P = 0.05

P = 0.01 P = 0.001

1 3.84 6.64 10.83 2 5.99 9.21 13.82 3 7.82 11.35 16.27 4 9.49 13.28 18.47

Chapter 24The Origin of Species

1. What is speciation?

2. What is the difference between microevolution and macroevolution?

3. Define the following terms:a. Cladogenesis –

b. Anagenesis –

4. What is a species as defined by the biological species concept?

5. Why is reproductive isolation important regarding the biological species concept?

6. Fill in the table regarding the types of reproductive isolation:Type of reproductive

isolationPrezygotic or postzygotic?

Brief definition Example


7. Why is the biological species concept not always useful in defining a species?

Speciation can take place with or without geographic separationAllopatric speciation8. What is allopatric speciation?

9. Geographic separation is very important in allopatric speciation. List 3 ways that populations can become geographically isolated from each other.a.

b.

c.

10. Give an example of species that resulted from allopatric speciation and the geographical barrier that separated them.

11. Once populations become separated from each other, what causes them to diverge?

Sympatric speciation12. What is sympatric speciation?

13. Fill in the following tableMechanism of

sympatric speciationBrief definition Example

Polyploidy

Habitat differentiation

Sexual selection


14. Adaptive radiation a. What is adaptive radiation?

b. Under what circumstances is it most likely to occur?

c. Give an example.

15. Gradualism and punctuated equilibrium are models that describe the tempo (or rate) of speciation. Contrast them. (Drawings may help).

Macroevolutionary changes can accumulate through many speciation events16. Use evolutionary reasoning to explain how a complex structure (such as the eye) could have

evolved.

17. What is exaptation?

18. What is “evo-devo”?


19. Describe an example of an organism whose body shape was changed because the timing of developmental gene activation changed.

20. What are Hox genes and what has been their role in the evolution of organisms?

21. How come evolution can appear to be goal directed (e.g. horses have become larger and have lost all but one toe), even though it is not? (Drawings may help).


Chapter 25Phylogeny and Systematics

1. What is phylogeny?

2. What is systematics?

3. What is molecular systematics?

Phylogenies are based on common ancestries inferred from fossil, morphological, and molecular evidence4. Do organisms that have very similar morphologies necessarily have similar DNA sequences?

What about the inverse? Explain your answer.

5. What is the difference between a homology and an analogy and why is this difference important to evolutionary biologists?

Phylogenetic systematics connects classification with evolutionary history6. What is taxonomy?

7. Who is the “father of taxonomy?”

8. Explain binomial nomenclature.

9. Write the scientific names for the following organisms:a. Leopard –

b. Wolf - AP Biology Study Guide page 18Unit 4: Evolution

10. In what genus do dogs belong?

11. Humans are in the genus “Homo”, but we are not in the species “sapiens.” What species are we?

12. Classify leopards and humans from domain species.

13. What are phylogenetic trees?

14. Draw a phylogenetic tree that includes the following organisms: octopus, bird, dog, and human.


Phylogenetic systematics informs the construction of phylogenetic trees based on shared characters15. Systematists try to organize organisms into monophyletic taxonomic groups (polyphyletic and

paraphyletic groups make for terrible taxonomic groups).

a. What is a monophyletic group?

b. The phylogenetic tree on the right has 3 monophyletic groups. List them.i.

ii.

iii.

c. List a paraphyletic group. Why is it paraphyletic?

d. List a polyphyletic group. Why is it polyphyletic?

Much of an organism’s evolutionary history is documented in its genome16. What factors influence which genes scientists use to reconstruct the phylogenetic histories of

organisms? Give an example.

17. What is the evolutionary importance of gene duplication?

Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time18. What are molecular clocks and what do scientists try to use them for?


A B C D E

19. What is neutral theory and how does it apply to molecular clocks?

20. What are two difficulties with the molecular clock and neutral theory?a.

b.

21. Give an example of how the molecular clock was used.

22. All life is organized into 3 _______________________. Name them.a.

b.

c.


A look back: the theme of evolution

Chapter 5: Explain why and how scientists can use DNA and proteins to measure relatedness among species.

Chapter 9:Describe the evidence that supports the hypothesis that glycolysis is one of the oldest metabolic pathways (from an evolutionary perspective).

Chapter 10:Explain why photorespiration is considered “evolutionary baggage.”

Chapter 13:Explain the significance of meiosis with regards to natural selection.

Chapter 14:Explain how Mendel’s principles of heredity solve Darwin’s conundrum of blended inheritance.


Chapter 17:Explain the evolutionary significance of a common genetic language.

What is the possible evolutionary significance of introns?

Chapter 18:What is the current hypothesis with regard to the timing of viral evolution (vs. cells) and the sources of the viral genome?

Chapter 19:Briefly state how each of the following contributed to genome evolution:

a. Duplication of chromosome sets

b. Gene duplication

c. Rearrangements of parts of genes

d. Transposable elements



Unifying Themes Give examples of how these themes were demonstrated in this unit.

Science as a Process

Evolution

Energy Transfer

Continuity and Change

Relationship of Structure and Function

Regulation

Interdependence in Nature

Science, Technology, and Society

Unit 4 Summary

chapter 20 - hurricane electric · web viewchapter 22 descent with modification: a darwinian view...

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