chapter 2 syntax and meaning of prolog programs. 344-302 lp and prolog chapter 22 prolog domains...

Chapter 2

Syntax and meaning of Prolog Programs

Chapter 2 2344-302 LP and Prolog

PROLOG

domains

variable name = type

predicates

relation(variable name, variable name, …)

goal

run(X).

clauses

relation(value,value,…).

conclusion :- condition.

conclusion if condition.

type

symbol, integer, real, char


TURBO PROLOG

ftp://172.28.80.6/older/DosProgram/TPROLOGAlt + Enter = Big ScreenF1 : HelpF2 : SaveF3 : LoadF6 : Next/SwitchF8 : Previous GoalF9 : CompileF10 : Step (For trace) / EndAlt + T : Trace ON/OFFSet up window size edit Use arrow key to adjust the

size


char 1 byte characters

integer 2 byte integer numbers

real 8 byte floating point

numbers

symbol strings inserted in the

internal symbol table

string sequences of chars

"hello world\n"

PREDEFINED DOMAINS


SUMMARY OF PROGRAM SECTIONS

Options must precede the other sections

CONSTANTS const1 = definition const2 = definition[GLOBAL] DOMAINS dom [,dom] = [reference] declaration1; declaration2 listdom = dom* dom = <basisdom>[GLOBAL] DATABASE [ - <databasename> ] [determ] pred1(....) pred2(.....)

GLOBAL PREDICATES [determ|nondeterm] pred1(.........)

-(i,i,o,..)(i,o,i,..) [ language c|pascal|fortran ] [ as "name" ]

pred2(........)

PREDICATES [determ|nondeterm] pred1(.........) pred2(........)

CLAUSES p(....):-p1(...), p2(.....), ... . p(....):-p1(...), p2(.....), ... .

include "filename" Include a file during compilation.


MISCELLANEOUSrandom(RealVariable)

(real) - (o)

random(MaxValue,RandomInt)

(integer,integer) - (i,o)

sound(Duration,Frequency)

(integer,integer) - (i,i)

beep

date(Year,Month,Day)

(integer,integer,integer) - (o,o,o) (i,i,i)

time(Hours,Minutes,Seconds,Hundredths)

(integer,integer,integer,integer) - (o,o,o,o) (i,i,i,i)

trace(on/off)

(string) - (i) (o)


ERROR & BREAK CONTROL

trap (PredicateCall,ExitCode,Predicate

ToCallOnError)

exit

exit (ExitCode)

(integer) - (i)

if exit to DOS then the DOS errorlevel task processing variable will

contain the value given to the exit predicate.

break (on/off)

(string) - (i) (o)


EDITORdisplay(String)

(string) - (i)

edit(InputString,OutputString)

(string,string) - (i,o)

edit(InputString,OutputString,Headstr,Headstr2,Msg,Pos,Helpfilename,

EditMode,Indent,Insert,TextMode,RetPos,RetStatus)

(string,string,string,string,string,integer,string,integer,integer,integer,integer,integer,integer)

- (i,o,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,i,o,o)

If the user saves the text from the editor, HeadStr2 will be used as the file name.

editmsg(InputString,OutputString,Headstr,Headstr2,Msg,Pos,Helpfilename,RetStatus)

(string,string,string,string,string,integer,string,integer) - (i,o,i,i,i,i,i,o)


WINDOW SYSTEMmakewindow(WindowNo,ScrAtt,FrameAtt,Framestr,Row,Col

umn,Height,Width)

(integer,integer,integer,string,integer,integer,integer,integer)

shiftwindow(WindowNo)

(integer) - (i) (o)

gotowindow(WindowNo)

(integer) - (i)

resizewindow(StartRow,NoOfRows,StartCol,NoOfCols)

(integer,integer,integer,integer) - (i,i,i,i)

colorsetup(Main_Frame)

(integer) - (i)


INPUT

readln(StringVariable)

(string) - (o)

readint(IntgVariable)

(integer) - (o)

readreal(RealVariable)

(real) - (o)

readchar(CharVariable)

(char) - (o)

keypressed

unreadchar(CharToBePushedBack)

(Char) - (i)

readterm( Domain, Variable )

(DomainName,Domain) - (i,_)


OUTPUTwrite( Variable|Constant * )nlwritef( FormatString, Variable|Constant* )In the format string the following options are known after a

percentage sign: %d Normal decimal number. (chars and integers) %u As an unsigned integer. (chars and integers) %R As a database reference number. (database reference

numbers) %X As a long hexadecimal number. (strings, database

reference numb). %x As a hexadecimal number. (chars and integers). %s Strings. (symbols and strings). %c As a char. (chars and integers). %g Reals in shortest posible format (default for reals) %e Reals in exponetial notation %f Reals in fixed notation %lf Only for C compatibility (fixed reals)

\n - newline\t - tabulator\nnn - character with code nnn


PROLOG_HELP

ARITHMETICArithmetic operators: +, -, *, /, mod, div

Relational operators: >, <, =, >=, <=, <>, ><

Functions: sin, cos, tan, arctan, ln, log, exp, sqrt, round, trunc, abs

EX: 1 + 2 = 2 + 1, X = 5/2, X = 5 mod 2, 5 <> 9


TURBO PROLOG

Use the example from the EXAMPLE directory to try to program.Start with EX03EX01.PROpredicates likes(symbol,symbol)

clauses likes(ellen, tennis).

likes(john, football).

FACTS likes(tom, baseball). likes(eric, swimming). likes(mark, tennis).

likes(bill, Activity) if likes(tom, Activity).

likes(mark, Activity) :- likes(ellen, Activity). RULES


bear.propredicates

big(symbol)

small(symbol)

brown(symbol)

black(symbol)

gray(symbol)

dark(symbol)

clauses

big(bear).

big(elephant).

small(cat).

brown(bear).

black(cat).

gray(elephant).

dark(Z) :- black(Z).

dark(Z) :- brown(Z).

?black(X),big(X)

?brown(X),big(X)

?big(X),black(X)

?black(X),big(X)

No solution

?brown(X),big(X)

X=bear

?big(X),black(X)

No solution


EX04EX02.PROdomains

brand, color = symbol

age, price = integer

mileage = real

predicates

car(brand, mileage, age, color, price)

clauses

car(chrysler, 130000, 3, red, 12000).

car(ford, 90000, 4, gray, 25000).

car(datsun, 8000, 1, red, 30000).


SUM, MULTIPLY : EX04EX01

domains

product, sum = integer

predicates

add_em_up(sum, sum, sum)

multiply_em(product, product, product)

clauses

add_em_up(X, Y, Sum) :- Sum = X + Y.

multiply_em(X, Y, Product) :- Product = X * Y.


sister

Z

X Y

parent parent

sister

For any X and Y,

X is a sister of Y if

1. Both X and Y have the same parent, and

2. X is a female.

sister(X,Y) :- parent(Z,X), parent(Z,Y), female(X).


predecessor

A

B

C

E

D

parent

parent

parent

parent


predecessor

A

B

C

E

D

predecessor(X,Z) :-

parent(X,Y),

parent(Y,Z).

parent

parent

parent

parent

predecessor(X,Z) :-

parent(X,Y1),

parent(Y1,Y2),

parent(Y2,Z).

predecessor(X,Z) :-

parent(X,Y1),

parent(Y1,Y2),

parent(Y2,Y3),

parent(Y3,Z).


Parent1.Pro

predicates

parent(symbol,symbol)

predecessor(symbol,symbol)

clauses

parent(pam,bob).

parent(tom,bob).

parent(bob,ann).

parent(ann,jim).

parent(jim,joe). parent(joe,john).

parent(john,jack).

parent(tom,liz).

predecessor(X,Z) :- parent(X,Z).

predecessor(X,Z) :- parent(X,Y), parent(Y,Z). predecessor(X,Z) :- parent(X,Y1),parent(Y1,Y2),parent(Y2,Z).

predecessor(X,Z) :- parent(X,Y1),parent(Y1,Y2),parent(Y2,Y3)

parent(Y3,Z).

ann

bob

pam

jim

john

joe

jack


predecessor

A

B

C

E

D

parent

parent

parent

parent

For all X and Z,

X is a predecessor of Z if there is a Y such that

1. X is a parent of Y and

2. Y is a predecessor of Z.


Parent2.Pro

predecessor(X,Z) :- parent(X,Z).

predecessor(X,Z) :- parent(X,Y), predecessor(Y,Z).

predicates

parent(symbol,symbol)

predecessor(symbol,symbol)

clauses

parent(pam,bob).

parent(tom,bob).

parent(bob,ann).

parent(ann,jim).

parent(jim,joe). parent(joe,john).

parent(john,jack).

parent(tom,liz).


ISA Relationship

Animal kingdom Plant kingdom

Animal Human

Dog Cat

Toop

Suwit

Mew

Sunee

plant

Flower

Rose Carnation

isa

isa

isa

isa isa

isaisa

isa

isa

isaisa

isa


isa1.Pro

is(X,Z) :- isa(X,Z).

is(X,Z) :- isa(X,Y), is(Y,Z).

predicates

isa(symbol,symbol)

is(symbol,symbol)

clauses

isa(human,animal_kingdom).

isa(plant,plant_kingdon).

isa(flower,plant).

isa(rose,flower).

isa(carnation,flower).

isa(suwit,human).

isa(sunee,human).

isa(dog,animal).

isa(animal,animal_kingdom).

isa(cat,animal).

isa(toop,dog).

isa(mew,cat).

isa(white,cat).

For all X and Z,

X is a predecessor of Z if there is a Y such that

1. X is a parent of Y and

2. Y is a predecessor of Z.

chapter 2 syntax and meaning of prolog programs. 344-302 lp and prolog chapter 22 prolog domains...

Documents

helpfil i

integer o

prologprologdomains

variable domainname

definitionglobal domains

exit predicate

global database determ

trace onoffset