chapter 2 subsurface micro structure
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 2 Subsurface Micro Structure. Rock and Soil Minerals. Sandstone Minerals. silica feldspar clays . Silica. Quartz Cryptocrystalline silica chert flint chalcedony Opal precious opal diatomite. Feldspar. orthoclase microcline albite plagioclase feldspathic sandstone. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Rock and Soil Minerals
Chapter 2 Subsurface Micro Structure
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Sandstone Minerals
• silica • feldspar • clays
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Silica• Quartz • Cryptocrystalline silica
– chert – flint – chalcedony
• Opal – precious opal– diatomite
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Feldspar
• orthoclase • microcline • albite• plagioclase • feldspathic sandstone
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Clay• kaolinite (1:1 silica:alumina) • smectite (2:1 silica:alumina) • illite • chlorite
– chamosite
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Iron Minerals
• hematite (Fe2O3, ferric oxide)
• siderite (FeCO3, ferrous carbonate)
• pyrite (FeS2)
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Carbonate Minerals
• limestone • calcite and aragonite (CaCO3) • dolostone • dolomite [CaMg(CO3)2] • siderite • ankerite • rhodochrosite
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Evaporite
• gypsum (CaSO4 2H2O) • anhydrite (without water). • Halite (NaCl)
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Diagenesis• Diagenesis is all the chemical, physical, and
biologic changes undergone by a sediment after its initial deposition, and during and after its lithification, exclusive of superficial alteration (weathering) and metamorphism.
• Lithification is the conversion of a newly deposited sediment into a consolidated rock, involving processes such as cementation, compaction, desiccation, and crystallization.
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Compaction (clay/shale)
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Compaction (clay/shale)
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Compaction and Cementation of Sandstones
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Cementation• unconsolidated • consolidated • "caliche"
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Mineral Diagenesis• Dissolution
– Vugs and stylolites in limestone– Etching of feldspar
• Precipitation or crystallization– Limestone to marble– Calcite to dolomite
• Mg/Ca• Temperature• Sulfate
– Feldspar to clay– Opal, chert, quartz– Pyrite to hematite
• CementationLimestone to marbleDiatomite to chert to quartzite
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Mineral Stability Diagram
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Iron mineral stability diagram
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Carbonate Digenesis
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Aragonite to calcite
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Styolites
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Morphology of the Pore
Space
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Shape
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Packing
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Clay Distribution and Morphology
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Clays
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SEM picture of grain-coating authigenic chlorite
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TEM picture of the smectite, Wyoming bentonite on a TEM grid
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Morphology of Carbonate Rocks
Dunham’s classification of carbonate rocks is based on particle size and thus on the energy of the depositional environment (Bjorlykke, 1989)
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Morphology of Carbonate Rocks
Classification of carbonate rocks based on size and sorting of grains and crystals. (Lucia, 1999)
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Classification of Vuggy Pore Space (Lucia, 1999)
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Examples of Carbonate Pore Types
Coccoliths from the upper part of the Upper Cretaceous in the Ekofisk field. Petroleum occurs between the small plate-like coccolithophore shells (about 5 microns). The chalk limestone has 32% porosity and 1 md permeability. (Bjorlykke, 1989)
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Examples of Carbonate Pore Types
Examples of nonvuggy limestone fabrics. A Grainstone, =25%, k=15,000 md. B Grain-dominated packstone, =16%, k=5.2 md. Note intergrain cement and pore space. C Mud-dominated packstone, =18%, k= 4md. Note microporosity. D. Wackestone, =33%, k=9 md. (Lucia, 1999)
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Examples of nonvuggy dolomite fabrics. A Dolostone, 15-m dolomite crystal size, =16.4%, k=343 md, Dune field (Bebout et al 1987). B Dolograinstone, 30-m dolomite crystal size, =7.1%, k=7.3 md, Seminole San Andres Unit, West Texas. C Dolograinstone, crystal size 400 m, =10.2%, k=63 md, Harmatton field, Alberta, Canada. D Grain-dominated dolopackstone, 10-m dolomite crystal size, =9%, k=1 md, Farmer field, West Texas. E Grain-dominated dolopackstone, 30-m dolomite crystal size, =9.5%, k=1.9 md, Seminole San Andres Unit, West Texas. F Fine crystalline dolowackestone, 10 m dolomite crystal size, =11%, k=0.12 md, Devonian, North Dakota. G Medium crystalline dolowackestone, 80 m dolomite crystal size, =16%, k=30 md, Devonian, North Dakota. H Large crystalline dolowackestone, 150 m dolomite crystal size, =20%, k=4000md, Andrews South Devonian field, West Texas. (Lucia, 1999)
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Examples of vug pore types. Separate-vug types: A oomoldic porosity, =26%, k=3md, Wolfcampian, West Texas. B Intrafossil porespace in a gastropod shell, Cretaceous, Gulf Coast. C Fossil molds in wackestone, =5%, k=0.05 md. D Anhydrite molds in grainstone dominated packstone, =10%, k<0.1 md, Mississipian, Montana. E Fine crystalline dolograinstone with intergranular and intragranular microporosity pore types, =10%, k=3md, Farmer field, West Texas. F Scanning electron photomicrograph of dolograinin E showing intragrannular microporosity between 10-m crystals.
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Touching-vug types: G Cavernous porosity in a Niagaran reef, northern Michigan. H Collapse breccia, Ellenberger, West Texas. I Solution-enlarged fractures, Ellenburger, West Texas. J Cavernous porosity in Miami oolite, Florida. K Fenestral porosity in pisolith dolostone. Note that the fenestral pores are more than twice the size of the enclosing grains. (Lucia, 1999)
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Mineral Surface Chemistry Hydrogen Bonding of Water
Hydrogen bonding of water on silanol sites on silica surface (Iler 1979)
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Surface Charge
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Clays
Atomic arrangement in the unit cell of a 2:1 layered clay (van Olphen 1977)