Chapter 2

OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

• Locate specific places of importance on a map of Texas.

• Interpret information from a map.

• Infer information from a map.

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• Compare and contrast general-purpose and special-purpose maps.

• Categorize maps as being either general-purpose or special-purpose.

Who needs directions?

• In order to find people, places, and things we need directions.

• Most of us give directions using relative locations. – To get Dobie from San Antonio, get on I35

north, turn right at the HEB on 3009, pass the Walgreens, CVS, turn left at the Shell Gas Station at Borgfeld Road, continue 1.7 miles, and the school will be on your left.

• To get more EXACT directions, we use latitude and longitude. This is using absolute locations to give directions.–Latitude – locations north or south of

the equator–Longitude – locations east or west of

the equator

To give directions to this island, you would use the absolute location. You would have to use degrees of latitude and

longitude.

What do lines of latitude and

longitude look like?

Latitude lines

Longitude lines

meridians

parallels

The Earth’s Hemispheres

The earth is divided into two equal parts (spheres) called hemispheres.

•Latitude is shown by parallels, which are also called lines of latitude. Latitude is the location

north or south of the equator.

•Longitude is indicated by meridians, or lines of longitude.

Longitude is the location east or west of the prime meridian.

• The equator is an imaginary line at 0° latitude. It divides the earth into two halves: Northern Hemisphere and Southern Hemisphere. (We use the letters N and S to show locations north and south of the equator.)

• The prime meridian is at 0° longitude. It is also an imaginary line. It divides the earth into two halves: Western Hemisphere and Eastern Hemisphere. (We use the letters W and E to show locations west and east of the prime meridian.)

EQUATOR EQUATOR EQUATOR EQUATOR

NORTHERN HEMISPHERE

SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE

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1. Which city is located close to 27° 30’N, 99° 20’W?

2. Which cities are located close to 33° 55’N, 97° 30’W?

Special Parallels

•TROPICS

•Tropic of Cancer 23° 30’ N

•Tropic of Capricorn 23° 30’ S

•CIRCLES

•Artic Circle 66° 33’ S

•Antarctic Circle 66° 33’ S

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

The world is an enormous place. Finding your way around such a vast landscape would be almost impossible without the aid of maps. Maps can tell you about a place’s relative location and its absolute location on a geographic grid.

WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

In our increasingly global community, you may need to describe your location to others and find your way to distant places.

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TIMELINE 1500–1900TIMELINE 1500–1900

1844 William Hemsley Emory maps West Texas and the Mexican border

1830 Stephen F. Austin maps his settlement based on accurate survey

1569 Gerardus Mercator invents cylindrical map projection

1684 On La Salle expedition, Minet draws first French map of Texas

1728 Francisco Álvarez Barreiro draws first detailed map of inland Texas

1790s Philip Nolan creates first accurate Anglo American map of Texas

1520 Alonso Álvarez de Piñeda’s crew sketches first Spanish map of Texas

• Maps are drawn to scale to create a smaller representation of a place

• It is difficult to fit the round, curved Earth on flat paper but cartographers have done their best. They had to take the image of the earth (curved surface) and transfer it to a flat surface (a map).*Cartographers are people who make

maps.

Fitting the Earth on a page?

Different Types of Projections

Each has a specific purpose and distinctive distortions.

• Most maps are drawn to scale. This means that the distances on a map are proportionate to actual distances on earth.

• For example, a map of Texas might have a scale of 1 inch = 100 miles. That means if you measure from one city to another (on a Texas map) and it is 2 inches apart, those two cities would be 200 miles apart. (shown on another slide)

• There are 3 ways to show sale on a map. 1. Graphic scale2. Written scale3. Fractional scale

Maps “to scale”

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

Many different factors must be considered when creating a map. Most importantly, mapmakers must consider purpose, size, and accuracy.

For a map to be useful, it is important to select the one that will best show the information you need.

WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

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1. General Purpose -Tells where places are and some

information about the area Examples:

*Physical maps (shows the natural features, or topography, of an area such as its mountains, valleys, rivers, and lakes) These are also called elevation maps.

*Physical-political maps (show units such as city, county, state, or country boundaries as well as some key features like mountain ranges, rivers, and bays)

Types of Maps

( Think of general purpose maps – Think of most classroom maps)

2. Special Purpose Maps

-Tells something specific about

the area

-Sometimes called thematic maps)

(Examples: city street maps, precipitation maps, historical maps)

Types of Maps

AVERAGE ANNUAL PRECIPITATION IN TEXAS

Special Purpose Map

• Title (What is the map’s theme?)

• Scale

• Location

• Symbols

• Key

Common Map Features

Wilson Ranch

WILSON’S RANCH

• Use to study far away places

• Used everyday on the news to show weather

• Used even to find places in the mall

• How else are maps used?

What can you learn from maps?

MAIN IDEAMAIN IDEA

Different types of maps answer different questions. Some provide general information, while others show more specific data.

WHY IT MATTERS NOWWHY IT MATTERS NOW

Knowing how to read different types of maps can help you better understand your world.

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Mapmakers considerfactors such as the purpose and the size of the map.

Various types of maps provide different kinds of information for the reader.

Maps use relative and absolute location to identify where places are on the earth.

Map provide uswith a great deal ofinformation aboutour surroundings

TEKS AND TAKS

• TEKS:

• 7.8A 7.9A 7.21B,C,H

• 7.22A, C, D 7.23B

• MA 7.12A

• TA 4A, 11A

• TAKS:

• Grade 8 SS: 5(8.30 B,C)

• Grade 7 MA: 5(7.12A)