chapter 2 matter and atoms 2.1 matter and the elements
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 2
Matter and Atoms
2.1 Matter and the Elements
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2 2.1 Matter and the Elements
What are things made of?
How many different kinds of substances can you identify?
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3 2.1 Matter and the Elements
The “stuff” that we are made of is called matter.
Chemistry tells us how one kind of matter can be changed into a completely different kind of matter.
What are things made of?
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4 2.1 Matter and the Elements
substance: a kind of matter that can’t be separated into other substances by physical means such as heating, cooling, filtering, drying, sorting, or dissolving.
Corn oil is a pure
substance
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5 2.1 Matter and the Elements
mixture: matter that contains more than one substance.
Corn oil is a pure
substance
Oil and vinegar dressing is
a mixture of substances
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6 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Is “pure orange juice” a pure substance?
“Pure orange juice”
• Water• Flavoring chemicals• Citric acid• Sugars• Fruit pulp• …
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7 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Look at your desk – What is it made of?
wood, metal…
Can you think of a few physical properties?
is it heavy?
is it bendable?
does it feel cold?
can you scratch it?
…
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8 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Examples: MassDensityColor
Physical properties can be measured or seen through direct observations.
Physical properties
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9 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Physical changes include changes in shape, phase or temperature.
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10 2.1 Matter and the Elements
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11 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Chemical properties are observed when a substance changes into a different substance.
Iron RustChemical change
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12 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Signs that a
chemical change has occurred
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13 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Macroscopic and microscopic scales
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14 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Each element is a unique type of atom.
All oxygen atoms are identical.
An oxygen atom is different from a silicon atom or a potassium atom.
element: a substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means.
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15 2.1 Matter and the Elements
1 grain of rice = 0.01 gram
1 hydrogen atom = 1.678 x 10–24 grams
= 0.000000000000000000000001678 grams
How small is an atom?
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16 2.1 Matter and the Elements
How would you organize all those elements?
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17 2.1 Matter and the Elements
The periodic table
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18 2.1 Matter and the Elements
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19 2.1 Matter and the Elements
The periodic table organizes elements according to how they
combine with other elements (based on their chemical properties).
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20 2.1 Matter and the Elements
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21 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Increasing atomic number
Incr
easi
ng
ato
mic
nu
mb
er
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22 2.1 Matter and the Elements
HydrogenLightest elementAtomic number: 1
UraniumHeaviest naturally occurring elementAtomic number: 92
Increasing atomic number
Incr
easi
ng
ato
mic
nu
mb
er
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23 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Elements that belong to the same group (column)
have similar chemical properties.
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24 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Reminder
1 atomic mass unit (amu) = 1.66 x 10-24 g
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25 2.1 Matter and the Elements
The atomic mass is the mass of:
1) a single atom in amu.
2) a mole of atoms in grams.
One single hydrogen atom weighs 1.01 amu.
One mole of hydrogen atoms weighs 1.01 g.
What does that mean?
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26 2.1 Matter and the Elements
The atomic mass is the mass of:
1) a single atom in amu.
2) a mole of atoms in grams.
One single carbon atom weighs 12.0 amu.
One mole of carbon atoms weighs 12.0 g.
What does that mean?
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27 2.1 Matter and the Elements
One mole contains 6.02 x 1023 atoms
Avogadro’s number
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28 2.1 Matter and the Elements
How many moles are in 100 g of sulfur (S)?
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29 2.1 Matter and the Elements
How many moles are in 100 g of sulfur (S)?
Asked: The number of moles
Given: The element is sulfur and there are 100 g
Relationships: One mole of sulfur has a mass of 32.065 g
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30 2.1 Matter and the Elements
How many moles are in 100 g of sulfur (S)?
Asked: The number of moles
Given: The element is sulfur and there are 100 g
Relationships: One mole of sulfur has a mass of 32.065 g
Solve:
Answer: 100 g of sulfur contains 3.12 moles of sulfur atoms.
1100
32.0653.12
mole Sg S
g Smoles S
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31 2.1 Matter and the Elements
How many grams of calcium (Ca) do you need to have 2.50 moles of calcium?
Asked: The number of grams
Given: The element is calcium and there are 2.50 moles
Relationships: One mole of calcium has a mass of 40.078 g
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32 2.1 Matter and the Elements
How many grams of calcium (Ca) do you need to have 2.50 moles of calcium?
Asked: The number of grams
Given: The element is calcium and there are 2.50 moles
Relationships: One mole of calcium has a mass of 40.078 g
Solve:
Answer: 2.50 moles of calcium has a mass of 100. g.
40.0782.50
1100.2
g Camoles Ca
mole Cag Ca
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33 2.1 Matter and the Elements
Physical properties can be seen
and measured
Chemical properties are observed
when one substance is changed into
another
Elements are
organized in
a periodic table This allows to convert grams to moles and vice versa.
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