chapter: 2 interfacing memory systems
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter: 2 Interfacing Memory systems
Outline
Types of Memory devices
Classification,
technologies
Organization and operation modes of
EPROM 2764 and
SRAM 6264
Memory mapping and interfacing with
microcomputers (8085/8086)
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Introduction
A memory unit is an integral part of any
microprocessor system and its primary
purpose is to store programs and data.
In a broad sense, a microcomputer memory
system can be logically divided into three
groups. They are
Processor Memory
Primary or Main Memory
Secondary Memory
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Contd.
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Contd.
The processor memory refers to a set of CPU
registers.
These registers are used to hold temporary
results when a computation is in progress.
Since the registers of the processor are
fabricated using the same technology as that
microprocessor, there is no speed disparity
between these registers and processor.
However, the cost involved in this approach
forces a manufacturer to include only a few
registers in the microprocessor.
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Contd.
The primary or main memory refers to the
storage area which can be directly accessed by
the microprocessor.
Therefore, all programs and data must be
stored only in primary memory prior to
execution.
In primary memories the access time should
be compatible to read/write time of the
processor.
Primary memory normally includes ROM,
EPROM, static RAM and DRAM.
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Contd.
Secondary memory refers to the storage
medium comprising slow devices such as
magnetic tapes and disks.
They are called as auxiliary or backup storage.
These devices are used to hold large data files
and huge programs such operating systems,
compilers, data bases, permanent programs, etc.
The microcomputer system copies the required
programs and data from secondary memory to
main, memory and work directly with main
memory only.
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• A read memory operation consists the following sub-operations:
1. Select the chip using chip enable/select controls. 2. Place the address of the word to be read on the address input lines of the chip. 3. Activate read signal. 4. The data is placed on the data output line of the chip.
These sequence of actions take place in accordance with certain memory-dependent timing constraints.
• Write memory operation steps are similar, but insteps 3 and 4 respectively are as: - the data must be placed on the data input lines of the chip by the MP, or by any other
device that desires to perform the write operation, and then - the write signal must be activated.
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Memory Chip
Address
Data
Read
Write
Chip Enable/Select
Output Enable
Power Supply
Fig. Typical signals in a memory chip
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Contd.
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SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORY
Semiconductor memory is an electronic data
storage device, often used as computer memory,
implemented on a semiconductor-
based integrated circuit. It is made in many
different types and technologies.
The main or primary memory elements are
semiconductor devices, because the
semiconductor devices alone can work at high
speeds and consume less power.
Moreover they can be fabricated as ICs and so
they occupy less space.
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Contd.
A typical semiconductor memory IC will have
n address pins (lines) and m data pins (lines).
The capacity of the memory will be 2n x m
bits.
The functional blocks of semiconductor
memory are Row address decoder, Column
address decoder, Memory array, Input buffer
and Output buffer, the figure below shows a
simplified block diagram of semiconductor
memory.
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Contd.
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Contd.
A typical semiconductor memory IC will have
The input and output buffers are used to hold
the data until valid time and also for current
level matching.
The "n" address lines are spited into q lines
& r lines and applied to row & column decoder
respectively (2n = 2(q+r) = 2q x 2r).
When an address is send to memory IC, the
row and column decoder will select one line
each, which in turn select one memory cell in
each layer.
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Memory Types
These semiconductor memories can be
classified into volatile and non-volatile memory.
If the information stored in a semiconductor
memory is lost when the power supply to that IC
is switched OFF, then the memory is called
volatile.
The ROM, PROM, EPROM and NOVRAM
are nonvolatile memories.
The static RAM and DRAM are volatile
memories.
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Contd. Memory Types
The Semiconductor memories can also be classified
into Read Only Memory and Read / Write Memory.
In read only memories the information is stored
permanently either during manufacturing or after
manufacturing and then interfaced to microcomputer
system.
The processor can only read the stored information
from these memories and cannot write into it.
But in Read/Write memory, the processor can store
(write) the information as well as read from it.
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Contd. Memory Types
The other features of semiconductor memories are
Random access and Non-destructive readout.
In random access memory, the memory access time
is independent of the memory location being accessed
(i.e., the access time will be same for first or last
location).
In semiconductor memories a read operation by the
processor will not destroy the stored information and
for this reason the semiconductor memory is also
called NDRO memory (Non Destructive Read-out
memory).
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Nonvolatile memory ◦ ROM ◦ PROM ◦ EPROM ◦ EEPROM ◦ Flash memory
Volatile memory ◦ SRAM ◦DRAM
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The ROM is a semiconductor memory which permits
only a read access, The ROM functions as a memory
array whose contents, once programmed, are
permanently fixed and cannot be altered by the
microprocessor using this memory.
Other names for this type of memory are dead memory,
fixed memory, permanent memory and read- only store
(ROS), In ROM memory the memory cell (storage unit)
will have a MOS transistor either with open gate or closed
gate.
The transistors with closed gate represent 1’s and with
open gate represent 0's. Since the configuration is fixed
they permanently store 1’s and 0's.
ROM AND PROM
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The ROM is nonvolatile memory, i. e, loss of
power or system malfunction does not change
the contents of the memory.
Also, the ROM memories have the feature of
random access, which means that the access
time for a given memory location is the same as
that for all other locations, The process of
storing information in ROM is called
programming,
Contd. ROM AND PROM
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The technique employed for storing
information in the ROM provides a convenient
method for classifying ROMs into one of the
following three categories.
Custom programmed or Mask programmed
ROM.
Programmable or Field programmable
ROM.
Reprogrammable or Erasable -
Programmable ROM.
Contd. ROM AND PROM
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The custom programmed ROMs are
programmed by the manufacturer as specified by
the user during fabrication and the contents
cannot be changed after packaging.
The programmable ROM's are one time
programmable by the user.
The reprogrammable ROMs have facilities for
programming as well as for erasing its content
and reprogramming the memory.
The reprogrammable ROMs are erased either by
passing Electrical current or Ultra-violet light.
Contd. ROM AND PROM
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The most common family of EPROMs is the
27XXX series, or the CMOS 27CXXX where XXX
indicates the memory capacity in Kbits.
The 2764 is an 8KB EPROM memory
containing an array of 65536 bit cells i.e 8*
l024*8bits.
The access time is of order of 200-250 ns which
makes it possible to use the device with high speed
microprocessors .
It is a modification of n-MOS enhancement
mode transistor.
EPROM 2764
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Reprogrammable
Erased by UV light
Example EPROM chips
• 27C64 : 8KB
• 27C128 : 16KB
• 27C256 : 32KB
• 27C512 : 64KB
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240-208 Fundamental of Computer
Architecture
EPROM 2764, 27128, 27256
From Figure 11-15, Page 301 of “Microprocessor : Principle and Application”, Charles M. Gilmore, McGraw Hill pub.
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Contd.
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It has 13 address lines to access 8Kb of the
locations with in the device i.e (A0-A12).
DO-D7 are the data output lines and are
connected to the system data bus.
Vpp is used for programming the 2764 providing
a high voltage ranges from 12.5 to 21volts. This
voltage will be retaining, as charge in the
EPROM.
This is nothing but Write operation of a memory.
It functions as a write signal. i.e write into selected
locations, which are accessed by the address lines.
Technical specifications
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Chip-enable( CE) when it is low the chip will be
selected and it is ready to accept read and write
operations.
Output enable ('OE) is used in conjunction with
chip-enable to avoid with bus contention
Contd. Technical specifications
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It has 5 modes of operation.
The modes are selected on the basis of the
signals present on the pins.
The first three modes are (Read, Output, and
Standby) depending on the status of the chip-
enable, Output-Enable, Program.
Operational Modes of 2764
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In this mode, the Vpp pin is held at Vcc level (+5
V), and PGM is held at high.
The chip-enable pin is made low in order to
select the device and
output enable is made low in order to gate the
data from the output pins(Do-D7),
READ is set and data is available at the output
pins(Do-D7),
The contents of the memory locations specified
by AO-A12 can then be read out on to the system
data bus.
Read mode
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When Chip enable pin is high, the device is
deselected and enters the standby mode in
which the current consumption is reduced from
an active value of approximately 100mA to
40mA.
In this mode, the outputs are in a high
impedance state.
In this mode the current consumption is
minimum when other devices are accessed.
Standby mode
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The data outputs of two or more 2764s may be
wire-ORed together to the same data bus.
In order to prevent bus contention problems
between devices, all but the selected 2764s should
be deselected by rising the CE to a high.
OE input should be made common to all devices
These connections offer the lowest average
power consumption.
Output disable:
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In this mode, data can be written into a
desired location.
The Vpp pin is pulled up to the programming
level voltage (22 V for 2764), with chip- enable
and program-enabled and the desired data is
placed on the D0-D7 pins of the device.
To program a location, the chip enable input
must be low while the Vpp pin is made high and
PGM pin at high level..
Program mode
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After a location is programmed, a verify
operation ought to be performed to ensure that
the location has been programmed correctly.
The Vpp pin is made high, Chip-enable and
output enable made low while PGM is high.
The data on the D0-D7 pins can then be
compared with the data that was placed on the
pins during the programming.
Verify Mode
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After a location is programmed, a verify
operation ought to be performed to ensure that
the location has been programmed correctly.
The Vpp pin is made high, Chip-enable and
output enable made low while PGM is high.
The data on the D0-D7 pins can then be
compared with the data that was placed on the
pins during the programming.
Verify Mode
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The static RAM (Random Access Memory) is
Read/Write memories which consist of an array
of flip-flops or similar storage devices. (Even
though ROMs are technically random access
memory, the Read/Write memories are called
RAM.
Besides random access feature, the static
RAMs are volatile in nature. In static RAM the
memory cell (storage location for 1 each bit of
information) consists of a flip-flop or similar
device.
STATIC RAM- 6264
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The information is stored in the memory cell
as long as power is supplied to the circuit.
Each memory cell typically consists of six to
eight MOS transistors.
The static RAMs are manufactured by many
semiconductor industry like Motorola, Hitachi,
Toshiba, Cypress, etc. The manufacturers have
a common industry standard, so that a product
from different industry will be pin to pin
compatible and slightly differ in Electrical and
switching characteristics.
STATIC RAM- 6264
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The 6264 is a high performance CMOS static
RAM organized as 8192 bytes (8Kb).
The device has a power down mode.
When CY6264 is not enabled (deselected), it
will enter the power down mode and in this
mode the power consumed is reduced to 30% of
active mode power.
6264 (CMOS 6264)
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Contd.
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The chip has 13 address inputs denoted as
A0-A12.
The address is used to access anyone of the 8
Kilo (8192) locations within the chip.
It has eight I/O pins for reading/writing the
data and they are denoted as I/O0 to I/O7.
Contd.
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Contd.
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The 6264 is an 8 KB Static RAM memory containing
an array of 65536 bits(8*1024*8bits)
Its fast access time is 25 nsec.
Hence it is recommended with fast microprocessors
It is a 28 pin IC
Thirteen address lines (Ao-A12) are required to
access the 8 Kb memory locations with In the Device
I/O0-I/O7 are connected to the system data bus can
be written into or read from a selected location through
these pins.
The write pin Is used for writing data into a selected
location
Description
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1
2
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4
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8
9
10
11
12
13
14
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
19
18
17
16
15
Vcc
CS2
A8
A11
A10
I/O7
I/O6
I/O5 I/O4
I/O3
A9
OE
CS1
WE
NC
A7
A12
A6
A5
A4
A2
A3
A1
A0
I/O1 I/O2
GND
I/O0
6264 SRAM
Fig. Signals & pinouts of 6264 SRAM. WE -- write enable CS -- chip select OE -- output enable
- It has 13 address lines, A0-A12 and 8 data input/output. chip capacity = 213 = 8192x8 =8kx8-bits =8kb
-The CS1 and CS2 act as two chip enable or chip select signals for
the 6264.
-The 6264 is in Standby mode (power consumption is reduced to
30% of active mode power) when it is not selected, i.e. when CS1
and CS2 are 01.
- An active WE input indicates a write operation.
- An active OE is needed during read operation. It enables the
data output lines of the chip to place data on the system data bus.
- When OE is inactive, the data output lines are in Hi-Z.
Mode
Inputs I/O Pin
Note WE CS1 CS2 OE
READ WRITE WRITE OUTPUT Disable
Not selected (Power Down)
H L H L L L H H L L H L H L H H X H X X X X L X
Data OUT Data IN Data IN Hi-Z Hi-Z Hi-Z
Read cycle Write Cycle 1 Write Cycle 2 X is don’t care
Table. Truth table for operating mode of HM6264A series
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There are two ways of interfacing I/O devices
in 8085 based system.
1) Memory mapped I/O device.
2) Standard I/O mapped I/O device or Isolated
I/O mapping.
I/O Device Mapping and Interfacing
Memories To Microprocessors
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In memory mapping of I/O devices the ports are
allotted a , 16-bit address like that of memory
location.
Some of the chip-selected signals generated to
select memory IC's are used for selecting the I/O
port devices.
Memory mapped IO is one where the processor
and the IO device share the same memory
location(memory)
Hence the processor treats the I/O ports as
memory locations for reading and writing
Memory mapped I/O device
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The P uses memory control signals RD and
WR (MEMR and MEMW) instead of IOR and
IOW.
Memory related instructions such as LDA, STA,
MOV M, LDAX, etc are used for data transfer
between I/O and any register.
e.g.
1.STA 8000H ;send the contents in ACC to
output port whose address is 8000h
2. LDA 5000H ; read from input port whose
address is 5000H to ACC.
Contd.
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In standard I/O mapping a separate 8-bit
address is provided for I/O ports and the
peripheral IC's.
In this type of I/O, the P uses 8 address lines to
identify an input or output device.
IO mapped IO is one where the processor and
the IO device have different memory located to
each other
The P can identify 28 =256 input and 256 output devices with address ranging from 00H to
FFH.
I/O mapped (or isolated) I/O
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The P differentiates the input and output
devices by the control signals IOR and IOW respectively.
the instructions IN and OUT are used for
data transfer between I/O devices and ACC. IN portAdr8 ; input (read) data from an
input device to ACC.
OUT portAdr8 ; send (display) the
contents of ACC to an output device.
Contd. I/O mapped (or isolated) I/O
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Basic Memory Interfacing with 8085 /8086
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Contd.
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Draw the circuit diagram of an 8085 system, having a 4 KB EPROM and two 8 KB RAM ICs. The starting address of the EPROM is 0000H and that of RAM-I 4000H and RAM-II 8000H. The address of the decoder circuits should be clearly shown.
Exercise