CHAPTER 2 Basic ChemistryBASIC CHEM REVIEW

Differentiate between matter and energy

matter is anything that takes up space and has mass

energy is the capacity to do work or put matter into motion

Potential energy

stored energy

Kinetic energy

energy in action/motion

4 major energy forms

1. chemical energy

2. electrical energy

3. mechanical energy

4. electromagnetic energy

Chemical Energy

Energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules.

eg: ATP

Electrical energyenergy that is carried by charged particles eg: nerve impulsesMechanical energyenergy directly involved in moving matter

Electromagnetic energy travels in wavesChemical Element

a pure chemical substance consisting of one type of atom distinguished by its atomic number, which is the number of protons in its nucleusFour elements that make up about 96% of body matter are carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogenAtom The basic unit of matter. Has a nucleus at its center and contains protons, neutrons, and electrons.Mass (amu) of Subatomic Particles

Proton: 1

Electron: 0.0005

Neutron: 1Atomic number

The number of protons same as electrons

Atomic mass

A weighted average of the masses of the naturally occurring isotopes of an element

What is atomic weight?

The atomic weight of an element reflects the number of grams per mole (g/mol) of the element.

Isotope

Atoms of the same element that have a different number of neutrons but the same number of protons

Radioisotopenucleus of unstable isotopeMolecule Two or more atoms joined in a chemical bond(Atoms joined with other atoms)ex: Complex Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins & Nucleic AcidiveWhat Is the Difference between a Molecule and a Compound?

MOLECULE = SAME ELEMENT

COMPOUND = DIFFERENT ELEMENT

A molecule is formed when two or more atoms of an element chemically join together.If the types of atoms are different from each other, a compound is formed. Not all molecules are compounds.

Octet Rule

States that atoms lose, gain or share electrons in order to aquire the stable electron configuration of a noble gas.

Hydrogen Bond

Bonds between molecules.

Hydrogen atom is bonded covalently to an electronegative atom and is also attracted to another electronegative atom

ColloidsHeterogenous mixtures that have large particles that reflect light and settle out of the mixture.SolutionsHomogenous mixture; solutes dissolved in a solventSolutions have particles which are so small, that they do not reflect light or settle out.SuspensionsHETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES that separate into layers over timeExample of colloidsgelatin; cytosolExample of suspension?mixture of sand and water; bloodPolar vs Nonpolar compoundsare both covalent bondsPolar (Hydrophilic) = poles are far apart, and different, will dissolve in water; electron sharing is not equal`

Nonpolar (Hydrophobic) = oil/water, lipophilic; equal electron sharing

(electrons are unevenly shared)

Synthesis Reaction

Chemical reaction in which two or more substances combine to form one more complex substance.For example:A + B --> ABAmino acids into proteinsDecomposition Reaction

The breakdown of a compound into two or more components.

Ex: glycogen molecules breakdown to simpler sugarsExchange reactionAB+CD----> AC+BDex: ATP transferring phosphate

Redox Reaction (Reduction-Oxidation Reaction)

A chemical reaction involving thE transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another.

EX: Food fuels converted into ATPWhy are chemical reactions in the body often irreversible?

Chemical reactions that release energy cannot be reversed unless energy is put back into the system.

Describe factors that affect chemical reaction ratesTemperature: affects kinetic energy

Concentration: reactions process rapidly when reactors are in high numbers

Particle size: smaller particles move faster

Catalysts: substances that increase reactionsWhy is water important to the process of homeostasis?

1. High heat capacity

2. High heat vaporization

3. Polar solvent

4. Reactivity

5. Cushioning

Why is salt important in homeostasis?Maintaining proper ionic balance.pH unitsmeasure concentration of hydrogen ions in body fluidsThe greater the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution, the more _________ a solution is.AcidicThe greater the concentration of hydroxyl ions, the more _________ a solution is.BasicOn the PH scale if it is below 7 it is:AcidicAbove 7 on the pH scale isbasicWhat is an atom composed of?

Nucleus positive charged center

Electrons negative charged particles that surround the nucleus

During metabolic reactions, electrons can be transferredfromthe atoms of one moleculetothe atoms of another molecule

How to calculate1. atomic number2. atomic weight (atomic mass)

1 = # of protons in the nucleus

2 =the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleusWhat are the different types of chemical bonds?

covalent bonds - atoms share one of more pairs of electrons (strongest)

ionic bonds - between two oppositely charged ions

hydrogen bonds - form between hydrogen atom of one molecule and the more electronegative atom in a polar bond of another compoundWhat is an example of an ionic bond?

Na + Cl (salt) chemical identities of sodium and chlorine are lost. electrons are transferred from sodium to chlorine.

What is an example of a covalent bond?Water (H20)What is an example of a hydrogen bond?The attraction between the oxygen of one water molecule and the hydrogen of an adjacent molecule.Define:Carbohydrates-Sugars and starches

-Contain C, H, and O

-Three Classes

-Monosaccharides

-Disaccharides

-Polysaccharides

-Major source of cellular foodDefine:Lipids

Fats and Oils

Function as long term energy storage

Made up of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Triglycerides, SterioidsDefine: amino acids.

the building blocks of proteins; small molecules that bond together to make a protein.Define: Nucleic Acids

Composed of smaller units called nucleotides. Contain the instructions and codes for building proteins. DNA and RNA are examples of Nucleic Acids.Monosaccharide(with example)

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Also known as simple sugars.

Ex: Glucose, Galactose, FructoseWhat is a disaccharide? Give an example.

When two simple sugars are bonded together( 2 monosaccharides); glucose and galactose makes lactose.What is a Polysaccharide? Give example.

A chain of multiple monosaccarides.Ex.cellulose, glycogen, and chitinWhere do you find carbohydrates in your diet?

-bread, pasta, potatoes, rice, vegetables, fruits, milk, sugars, diary, yogurtWhere in cell can you find carbohydrates?

Mitochondria would turn it into energy. Vacuoles, store energy. Cell membrane and wallWhat are Cellulose and Starch, and how are they similar?

Cellulose: a substance that is the main component of plant cell walls, cannot be digested by humans and is made up of glucose monomers.Starch: functions as a carbohydrate store for humans, can be digested by humans and is necessary to the human diet. Made up of glucose monomers.

How are they similar? both made of glucose monomers, both common carbohydrates.How are cellulose, starch and glycogen different?They differ in how the glucose chains are linked together.Define: TriglyceridesPrimary form of lipid in the diet. Formed of three fatty acids on a glycerol backbone.Define: steroidsA lipid structure is 4 fused carbon rings. Examples cholesterol, sex hormones.Define: phospholipidsA glycerol + a phosphate group +2 fatty acids, primary components of cell membranes.What is the basic structure of an amino acid?It contains an amino group (NH2) an acid group (COOH) and a side chain (R)What are the four levels of protein structurePrimary - sequence of amino acids linked together (linear)Secondary - helix or pleated sheet, chain of amino acids folds back on itself to to hydrogen bondingTertiary - three dimensional shareQuaternary - relationships among multiple polypeptideWhat are the four levels of protein structure?Primary - sequence of amino acids linked together (linear)Secondary - helix or pleated sheet, chain of amino acids folds back on itself to to hydrogen bondingTertiary - three dimensional shareQuaternary - relationships among multiple polypeptideBIOCHEMISTRY

Define BIOCHEMISTRYThe study of chemical composition and reaction in living matter.Why is water in living organisms?

Most abundance inorganic compound.

60-80% of living cells

Properties of water

High heat CAPACITY

High heat VAPORIZATION

POLAR solvent

REACTivity

CUSHIONING

What are salts?Ionic compounds that dissociate into ions in water.Common salts in the body:

Sodium chloride

Calcium carbonate

Potassium chloride

Calcium phosphates

What are considered electrolytes?Acids and basesWhat type of compound is known as a proton donor?AcidsWhat makes a compound a proton acceptor?BasesAcids do what with H+ cations?releaseBases do what with H+ cationstake up/bind withWhat happens when an acid or base is added to water?They ionize and dissociate.What do buffers do?Resist abrupt and large swings in pH in the blood.Buffers release H+ ions if..pH risesBuffer binds H+ ions if...pH fallsBuffer system in the blood:Carbonic acid bicarbonate systemCarbon is...Electroneutral, covalently bonded.Examples of organic compounds in our body:Carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acidsHow are bonds formed?Dehydration synthesis

Bonds are broken by:HydrolysisPolymers are built by...monomersFacts about carbs:

Sugar and starches

Polymers

Monosaccharides

Dissaccarides

Polysacchardies

Three classes of sugars

Monosacc-one sugar

Disacc-two sugars

Polysacc-many sugars

Facts about LIPIDS insoluble in water, triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, eisocanoidsTriglycerides (neutral fats)

Lipids that are composed of 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol

Fats when solid

Oils when liquid

What are the main functions of Triglycerides? Energy storage, Insulation, ProtectionTypes of fatty acids

saturated

unsaturated

trans fats (unhealthy)

omega-3 (heart healthy(

Phospholipids

Modified triglycerides

1 glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and a phosphate group

Polar head

Makes up cell membrane thus making life possibleSteroids

Lipids that have carbon skeletons with 4 fused rings oh- group attached to one end

ex. cholesterol, testosterone & progesterone

Proteins

Polymers of amino acids (20) typesStructural Levels of Proteins

Primary (1') Secondary (2') Tertiary (3') Quaternary (4')Protein:

Secondary Structures

Alpha helix - coil

Beta pleated sheets -folded formed from H+ bonds BETWEEN polypeptide backbone

Fibrous proteins

STRUCTURAL; consist of long, fiber-like shapes

-alpha keratins: structure and support

Globular proteins

FUNCTIONAL protein molecules composed of one or more polypeptide chains that take on a rounded, spherical shapeProtein denaturation

tertiary structure, or protein folding isdestroyedby changes in pH temperature ionic concentration active sites are destroyedEnzymes act like and are made up of 2 parts:

Apoenzyme - protein portion

Cofactor - metal ion

Proteins that act like catalysts and help speed up chemical reactions.

What Enzymes do, how is it named and works on what basis?

1. name of substrate + "ase" 2. cause reaction but not chemically involved 3. lower activation energy4. work on a "lock-key" structural basisNucleic Acids

Description: A group of long linear macromolecules, DNA or RNA, that carry genetic information that are composed of nucleotides.

Polymers of nucelotides

Monomers of nucleic acids nucleotidesDNA

double helix in nucleus

deoxyribose

provides instructions for protein synthesis

replaces before cell divisions ensuring genetic continuity.

What are the four nitrogen bases that DNA is composed of?

Guanine,

Adenine,

Cytosine, ThymineNitrogen Bases found in RNA Adenine* Uracil* Guanine Cytosine*ATP

absorbs chemical energy in glucose

phosphorylation - energy coupling

made in the mitochondrionof the cell

Structure of ATP

ATP is composed of:

ribose (a sugar)

adenine (a nitrogenous base)

and three phosphate groups

3 places for nucleophile to attack