Chapter 2

Powerpoint Questions

Q1

• Neuroscience

A1

• A branch of the life sciences that deals with the structure and function of neurons, nerves, and nervous tissue

Q2

• Computed tomography (CT)

A2

• Brain imaging method using computer controlled x-rays of the brain

Q3

• Dendrites

A3

• Branchlike structures that receive messages from other neurons

Q4

• Soma

A4

• The part of the neuron called the cell body that keeps the entire cell alive and functioning

Q5

• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A5

• Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

Q6

• Sympathetic divisions (fight or flight)

A6

• Part of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful evens and bodily arousal

Q7

• Agonists

A7

• Chemical substances that mimic or enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter on the receptor sites of the next cell, increasing or decreasing the activity of that cell

Q8

• Input into the nervous system is accomplished by

A8

• Sensory neurons/ afferent neurons

Q9

• Nerves

A9

• Bundles of axons coated in myelin that travel together through the body.

Q10

• Action potential

A10

• The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon

Q11

• Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A11

• A recording of the electrical activity of large groups of cortical neurons just below the skull, most often using scalp electrodes.

Q12

• The smallest of glial cells that engulf and break down dead and dying neurons

A12

• microglia

Q13

• SSRI

A13

• Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Q14

• Antagonists

A14

• Chemical substances that block or reduce a cell’s response to the action of other chemicals or neurotransmitters

Q15

• Function of the brain

A15

• Interprets and stores information and sends orders to muscles, glands, organs

Q16

• What muscles are impacted by acetylcholine

A16

• Skeletal muscles are stimulated; cardiac muscle is slowed

Q17

• Three parts to a neuron

A17

• 1) Soma, 2) dendrites, 3) axons

Q18

• Positron emission tomography

A18

• Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain

Q19

• Parasympathetic division

A19

• Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for the day to day functioning of the organs and glands.

Q20

• Hypothalamus

A20

• Small structure in the brain located below the thalamus and directly above the pituitary gland, responsible for motivational behavior such as sleep, hunger, thirst, and sex

Q21

• The peripheral nervous system is made up of what two further divisions

A21

• Autonomic nervous system and somatic nervous system

Q22

• Enzymatic degradation

A22

• Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor.

Q23

• The defining feature of the central nervous system

A23

• The components are encased in bone

Q24

• Endocrine glands

A24

• Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into bloodstream

Q25

• Three functions of the nervous system are

A25

• 1) Input, 2) processing, 3) output• Or 1) receive information, 2) integrate

information, 3) guide actions

Q26

• Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)

A26

• Neuroimaging method that is similar to PET but uses a different radioactive tracer and can be used to examine brain blood flow

Q27

• Processing in the nervous system is accomplished by

A27

• Interneurons/ association neurons

Q28

• Motor neurons are sometimes called

A28

• Efferent neurons

Q29

• Glands that secrete chemicals called hormones directly into bloodstream

A29

• Chemicals released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands

Q30

• Interneurons are stimulated by

A30

• Sensory neurons, other interneurons, or both

Q31

• Produces myelin for neurons in the body (PNS)

A31

• Schwann cells

Q32

• Resting potential

A32

• The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

Q33

• Glial cells that provide physical support to neurons and clean up debris

A33

• astrocytes

Q34

• Produces myelin for neurons in brain and spinal cord (CNS)

A34

• oligodendrocytes

Q35

• Where is acetylcholine found

A35

• In the synapse between neurons and muscle cells

Q36

• Pituitary gland

A36

• Gland located in the brain that secretes human growth hormone and influences all other hormone-secreting glands (also known as the master gland)

Q37

• Interneurons are sometimes called

A37

• Association neurons

Q38

• Biological psychology or behavioral neuroscience

A38

• Branch of neuroscience that focuses on the biological bases of psychological processes, behavior, and learning

Q39

• What dictates the structure of a cell

A39

• The purpose of the cell

Q40

• The white matter of the brain is made of

A40

• Fiber tracts (axons)

Q41

• The Central Nervous System is made up of what two components

A41

• Brain and Spinal Cord

Q42

• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A42

• MRI-based brain imaging method that allows for functional examination of brain areas through changes in brain oxygenation

Q43

• Output in the nervous system is accomplished by

A43

• Motor neurons/ efferent neurons

Q44

• Two types of glial cells that produce myelin

A44

• Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells

Q45

• Where are interneurons found

A45

• Exclusively in the spinal cord and brain

Q46

• Medulla

A46

• The first large swelling at the top of the spinal cord, forming the lowest part of the brain, which is responsible for life-sustaining functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate.

Q47

• Pineal gland

A47

• Endocrine gland located near the base of the cerebrum, secretes melatonin

Q48

• Hippocampus

A48

• Curved structure located within each temporal lobe, responsible for the formation of long-term memories and the storage of memory for location of objects

Q49

• Pons

A49

• The larger swelling above the medulla that connects the top of the brain to the bottom and that plays a part in sleep, dreaming, left-right body coordination, and arousal

Q50

• Sensory neurons are sometimes called

A50

• Afferent neurons

Q51

• Thyroid gland

A51

• Endocrine gland found in the neck, regulates metabolism

Q52

• Amygdala

A52

• Brain structure located near the hippocampus, responsible for fear responses and memory of fear

Q53

• Pancreas

A53

• Endocrine gland; controls the levels of sugar in the blood

Q54

• Occipital lobe

A54

• Section of the brain located at the rear and bottom of each cerebral hemisphere containing the visual centers of the brain

Q55

• Cortex

A55

Outermost covering of the brain consisting of densely packed neurons, responsible for higher thought processes and interpretation of sensory input.

Q56

• Two bulb-like projections just under the front of the brain that receive information from the receptors near the nose

A56

• Olfactory bulb

Q57

• Neurons exiting the spinal cord

A57

• Efferent Neurons

Q58

• The autonomic nervous system is made up of what two divisions

A58

• Parasympathetic division and sympathetic division

Q59

• Cerebral hemispheres

A59

• The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

Q60

• An area of neurons running through the middle of the medulla and pons and slightly beyond that is responsible for general attention, alertness, and arousal.

A60

• Reticular formation

Q61

• Function of the spinal cord

A61

• Pathway connecting the brain and the peripheral nervous system; receives signals such as pain and touch from the senses and passes those signals to the brain

Q62

• Corpus callosum

A62

• Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left hemispheres

Q63

• Cerebellum

A63

• Part of the lower brain located behind the pons that controls and coordinates involuntary, rapid, fine motor movement.

Q64

• Parietal lobes

A64

• Sections of the brain located at the top and back of each cerebral hemisphere containing the centers for touch, taste, and temperature sensations.

Q65

• Temporal lobes

A65

• Areas of the cortex located just behind the temples containing the neurons responsible for the sense of hearing and meaningful speech.

Q66

• Limbic system

A66

• A group of several brain structures located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation

Q67

• Four types of glial cells

A67

• 1) Oligodendrocyes, 2) schwann cells, 3) astrocytes, 4) microglia

Q68

• Stem cells

A68

• Special cells found in all the tissues of the body that are capable of becoming other cell types when those cells need to be replaced due to damage or wear and tear

Q69

• Most cells have these three parts in common

A69

• 1) Nucleus, 2) cell body, 3) cell membrane

Q70

• Frontal lobes

A70

• Areas of the cortex located in the front and top of the brain, responsible for higher mental processes and decision making as well as the production of fluent speech

Q71

• Synaptic vesicle

A71

• Saclike structures found inside the synaptic knob containing chemicals

Q72

• How many interneurons does the human brain contain

A72

• Approximately 100 billion

Q73

• Motor cortex

A73

• Section of the frontal lobe located at the back, responsible for sending motor commands to the muscles of the somatic nervous system

Q74

• Axon

A74

• Tube-like structure that carries the neural message to other cells

Q75

• Reuptake

A75

• Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

Q76

• Thalamus

A76

• Part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain, this structure relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex and processes some sensory information before sending it to the proper areas.

Q77

• Plasticity

A77

• The remarkable property of the central nervous system whereby neurons have the ability to strengthen neural connections at synapses as well as establish new connections

Q78

• Diffusion

A78

• Process of molecules moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

Q79

• Neurons make up what percent of cells in the brain

A79

• 10%

Q80

• Mirror neurons

A80

• Neurons that fire when an animal or person performs an action and also when an animal or person observes the same action being performed by another

Q81

• Santiago Ramon y Cajal

A81

• The first person to theorize that the nervous system was made up of individual cells. He came to this conclusion after studying slides of brain tissue.

Q82

• Neurotransmitter

A82

• Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles that when released has an effect on the next cell

Q83

• Association areas

A83

• Areas within each lobe of the cortex responsible for the coordination and interpretation of information as well as higher mental processing

Q84

• Broca’s aphasia

A84

• Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly.

Q85

• Wernicke’s aphasia

A85

• Condition resulting from damage to Wernicke’s area, causing the affected person to be unable to understand or produce meaningful language

Q86

• Neurons

A86

• The basic cell that makes up the nervous system and that receives and sends messages within that system

Q87

• Spatial neglect

A87

• Condition produced by damage to the association areas of the right hemisphere resulting in an inability to recognize objects or bod parts in the left visual field.

Q88

• Cerebrum

A88

• The upper part of the brain consisting of the two hemispheres and the structures that connect them.

Q89

• Thin membranous covering of neurons found in the body

A89

• neurilemma

Q90

• Make up 90% of the brain

A90

• Glial cells

Q91

• Task of Sensory/ Afferent Neurons

A91

• Carry messages from the senses to the spinal cord

Q92

• Why is neurilemma important

A92

• It can repair nerve fibers

Q93

• Neuroplasticity

A93

• The ability within the brain to constantly change both the structure and function of many cells in response to experience or trauma

Q94

• The gray matter of the brain is made of

A94

• Nuclei (clusters of soma)

Q95

• There are estimated to be how many different kinds of interneurons

A95

• At least hundreds

Q96

• Cluster of cells bodies of the sensory neurons found next to the spinal cord

A96

• ganglia

Q97

• Peripheral nervous system

A97

• All nerves and neurons that are not contained in the brain and spinal cord but that run through the body itself

Q98

• Where is neurilemma not found

A98

• Brain and spinal cord

Q99

• Endorphins

A99

• Inhibitory neural regulators; involved in pain relief

Q100

• True or False: Neurons at rest are still electrically charged

A100

• True

Q101

• Somatic nervous system

A101

• Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that carry information from the senses to the CNS and from the CNS to the voluntary muscles of the body

Q102

• Electrical Stimulation of the Brain

A102

• A milder current is sent through a wire that does not kill the cells; can be used to assess for seizure risk prior to surgery

Q103

• Neurons accessing the spinal cord

A103

• Afferent neurons

Q104

• Function of serotonin

A104

• Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep, and appetite

Q105

• Function of the parasympathetic division of Autonomic nervous system

A105

• Maintains body functions under ordinary conditions; saves energy

Q106

Q154

• Function of Norepinephrine

A106

• Mainly excitatory; involved in arousal and mood

Q107

• Neurons either fire at full strength or don’t fire at all

A107

• All or none principle

Q108

• Task of motor/ efferent Neurons

A108

• Carry messages from the central nervous system to muscles and glands

Q109

• Glial cells

A109

• Grey fatty cells that provide support for the neurons to grow on and around, deliver nutrients to neurons, produce myelin to coat axons, clean up waste products and dead neurons, influence information processing, and during prenatal development, influence the generation of new neurons.

Q110

• Autonomic nervous system

A110

• Division of the PNS consisting of nerves that control all the involuntary muscles, organs, and glands

Q111

• Nervous System

A111

• An extensive network of specialized cells that carries information to and from all parts of the body.

Q112

• Synapse (synaptic gap)

A112

• Microscopic fluid-filled space between the synaptic know of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

Q113

• Enzymatic degradation

A113

• Process by which structure of neurotransmitter is altered so it can no longer act on a receptor

Q114

• Deep lesioning

A114

• Insertion of a thin, insulated wire into the brain through which an electrical current is sent that destroys the brain cells at the tip of the wire

Q115

• Excitatory synapse

A115

• Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to fire

Q116

• Function of Dopamine

A116

• Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in control of movement and sensations of pleasure

Q117

• Reuptake

A117

• Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

Q118

• Motor neurons are stimulated by

A118

• Interneurons but sometimes rarely they are stimulated directly by sensory neurons

Q119

• The number of identified neurotransmitters

A119

• At least 100

Q120

• Sensory pathway

120

• Nerves coming from the sensory organs to the CNS consisting of afferent neurons

Q121

• Function of the sympathetic division

A121

• Prepares the body to react and expend energy in times of stress

Q122

• The first neurotransmitter to be identified

A122

• acetylcholine

Q123

• Function of the autonomic nervous system

A123

• Automatically regulates glands, internal organs, blood vessels, pupils, digestion, and blood pressure

Q124

• Function of acetylcholine

A124

• Excitatory or inhibitory; involved in arousal, attention, memory, and controls muscle contractions

Q125

• The Nervous System is made up of what two parts that are then further divided.

A125

• Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System

Q126

• Motor Pathway

A126

• Nerves coming from the CNS to the voluntary muscles, consisting of efferent neurons

Q127

• Synaptic knob (or terminal button)

A127

• Rounded area on the end of the axon terminal

Q128

• Function of Glutamate

A128

• Major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in learning, memory formation, nervous system development, and synaptic plasticity

Q129

• Receptor sites

A129

• 3-D proteins on the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters.

Q130

• Inhibitory synapse

A130

• Synapse at which a neurotransmitter causes the receiving cell to stop firing

Q131

• Why is it important that the reflex arc occurs without the direction of the brain

A131

• The process occurs much more quickly

Q132

• Axon terminal

A132

• Branches at the end of the axon

Q133

• Reflex Arc

A133

• The connection of the sensory neuron to the interneurons to the motor neurons which results in a reflex action

Q134

• Neural regulators, neural peptides, endorphins

A134

• Control the release of other neurotransmitters

Q135

• Function of GABA

A135

• Major inhibitory neurotransmitter; involved in sleep and inhibits movement