chapter 19 global policy. learning outcomes 19.1 compare the constitutional authority over foreign...
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Chapter 19Chapter 19
GLOBAL POLICYGLOBAL POLICY
Learning Outcomes19.1 Compare the constitutional authority over foreign policy granted to the executive branch with that of the legislative branch.
19.2 Identify the executive branch agencies that formulate foreign policy and describe the principal functions of each.
19.3 Trace the evolution of American foreign policy from isolationism to globalism and identify the factors that have shaped the direction of that policy.
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Learning Outcomes19.4 Describe the influence of the global issues of investment and trade, human rights, and the environment on U.S. foreign and domestic policy.
19.5 Explain the relationship between U.S. foreign policy and both the majoritarian and pluralist models of democracy.
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Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context
Constitutional Bases of Presidential Authority in Foreign Policy Article II of Constitution Provides Presidential Powers
Is commander in chief of armed forces Has power to make treaties (with consent of Senate) Appoints U.S. ambassadors and heads of executive
departments (with consent of Senate) Receives (or refuses to receive) ambassadors from other
countries
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Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context
Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority in Foreign Policy Congress is empowered to:
Legislate Declare war Raise revenue and dispense funds Call out state militias to repel invasions Regulate commerce with foreign nations Define and punish piracy and offenses against law of
nations
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Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context
Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority in Foreign Policy (cont.) The Senate and Major Treaties
Senate rarely rejects a treaty, some historically significant One major defeat–rejected U.S. membership in League of
Nations Most recent defeat: rejection of Comprehensive Nuclear Test
Ban Treaty in 1999
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Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context
Constitutional Bases of Congressional Authority in Foreign Policy (cont.) Skirting the Senate Through Executive Agreements
Presidents make pacts with executive agreements Have the force of law, but do not require Senate approval Must conform to Constitution, laws of Congress, and existing
treaties May involve minor bureaucratic business or issues unlikely
to win Senate approval
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Making Foreign Policy: The Constitutional Context
Constitutional Roots of Statutory Power in Foreign Policy Presidential responsibilities conferred by Congress
Discretionary funds Commitment of troops in emergency situations
Last declared war ended in 1945 yet over 100,000 American troops have died in various locations
War Powers Resolution passed in 1973, requiring president to consult Congress
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
The Department of State Formulates, executes and monitors U.S. foreign policy Secretary of State: highest-ranking person in presiden
t’s cabinet Staffed by political appointees and permanent
employees selected under the civil service merit system
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
The Department of Defense In 1947, Congress replaced War Department and
Department of the Navy with Department of Defense Defense Secretary – a civilian
Supervises civilian secretaries of each military branch
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
The National Security Council (NSC) Group of advisors who help president to coordinate
details of domestic, foreign, and military affairs related to national security
Statutory members: president, vice president, secretary of state, secretary of defense, and other members designated by president
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
The Intelligence Community 16 agencies in executive branch make up Intelligence
Community Two most prominent
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) – Independent agency National Security Agency (NSA) – Part of Department of
Defense
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
The Intelligence Community (cont’d) The Director of National Intelligence
Coordinates operations of all sixteen agencies In response to 9/11 Report, Intelligence Reform and
Terrorist Prevention Act of 2004 Hasn’t been very successful
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
The Intelligence Community (cont.) The Central Intelligence Agency
Created after WWII to gather intelligence about actions and intentions of foreign powers
Empowered to “perform other functions and duties” related to national security
Considerable controversy over CIA’s covert intelligence operations After 9/11, some accused CIA of neglecting covert
intelligence activities and blamed director
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
The Intelligence Community (cont.) The National Security Agency
Created in 1952 Highly secret operations More employees and larger budget than CIA
Uses supercomputers, satellites, and other high-tech equipment for foreign electronic surveillance
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Making Foreign Policy: Organization and Cast
Other Parts of the Foreign Policy Bureaucracy Many government agencies provide input in foreign
policy decisions Others charged with domestic policy oversight have
foreign policy concerns Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Energy
As social and economic issues become more globally, expect new and increased in agency involvement
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A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
Emerging from Isolationism Monroe Doctrine of 1823 WWI: first meaningful participation in European politics WWII dramatically changed America’s orientation
toward the rest of the world U.S. emerged as a superpower and national security
interests extended across the world
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The Same in Any Language
A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
Cold War and Containment U.S. waged a Cold War against Soviets on policy of
containment U.S. relied on weapons superiority to implement policy of
nuclear deterrence North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Buildup of nuclear weapons led to mutual assured
destruction (MAD) situation
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A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
Vietnam and the Challenge to the Cold War Consensus Soviets supported several “wars of national liberation” U.S. moved to strengthen noncommunist institutions in
South Vietnam to prevent Soviet takeover Nixon Doctrine overhauled foreign policy
Policy of détente ended decades of U.S. hostility towards China
Carter downplayed Soviet threat and was criticized for being overly idealistic
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A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
The End of the Cold War President Reagan refocused U.S. attention on Soviet
Union in 1981 Policy of peace through strength included increased
defense spending Fall of Berlin Wall in 1989
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A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy Without the Cold War Saddam Hussein’s invasion of Kuwait threatened U.S.
ally and oil supply President George H.W. Bush put together coalition to
counterattack President Clinton: policy of enlargement and
engagement
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A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
The Hot War on Terrorism President George W. Bush
September 11 attacks transformed his presidency Developed doctrine of preemptive action and attacked
Iraq, toppling Saddam Hussein President Obama called Iraq war a “war of choice”
(Bush’s choice) and quickly implemented an exit strategy By 2009, most Americans who initially favored the war
opposed it
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A Review of U.S. Foreign Policy
From Foreign Policy to Global Policy After Cold War, U.S. foreign policy took a more global
focus Most prominent global organization: United Nations
193 members
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Global Policy Issue Areas
Nations Today: More Interdependent Many issues cross borders, blending domestic and
international concerns In addition to terrorism, globalization involves fighting
five other festering wars Illegal international trade Drugs Arms Transportation of aliens Theft of intellectual property
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Global Policy Issue Areas
Investment and Trade U.S. no longer dominates world economy
Dollar played key role in underwriting economic recovery in Europe and Asia
During 1990s, U.S. became dependent on foreign investment, owning our national debt New concern about sovereign wealth funds (SWFs)
Investments made more for political reasons than economic reasons
U.S. dependence on oil imports: economic problem
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Global Policy Issue Areas
Investment and Trade (cont.) As foreign trade became more important to U.S.,
policy responses needed Several options available:
Free trade Fair trade Protectionism
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Global Policy Issue Areas Human Rights, Poverty, and Foreign Aid
Western democracies willing to wage war to protect human rights
Big emerging markets (BEMs) have questionable human rights records
U.S. pursues policy objectives through: Favorable trade terms Development aid Debt forgiveness Loans with favorable credit terms
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Now What?
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Global Policy Issue Areas
The Environment Environmental issues are a challenge for foreign policy
makers Biodiversity Climate change (global warming)
Example of freedom vs. order
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The Public and Global Policy
The Public and the Majoritarian Model Majoritarian model posits that national foreign policy
should conform to public opinion Studies show average citizen is able to form coherent,
reasonable views but public opinion has public opinion has little unique effect on foreign policy
Most important direct effect from internationally-minded business organizations and their leaders
Findings fit with pluralist model of policy making
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The Public and Global Policy
Interest Groups and the Pluralist Model Nature of politics in a global society made under
pluralist model, in which government responds to competing groups
Interest groups represent their interests and influence on issues, focusing attention on foreign policy leaders Lobbying more effective with noncrisis issues More effective maintaining the status quo than
influencing policy changes Global policies often respond to new events abroad
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