chapter 19, essay essentials

Copyright © 2015 by Nelson Education Ltd.

NETA PowerPoint® Slides

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Rhonda Dynes

Mohawk College

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DocumentingYour Sources

Chapter 19

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Documentation is the process of acknowledging source material, something you have read or seen that was created by other people or that you have recreated for another purpose.

When you document a source, you provide information that

1. tells your readers that the ideas they are reading have been borrowed from another writer;

2. enables your readers to find the source and read the material for themselves.

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Documentation


Documentation cont’dThere are many different systems, but two of the most widely used are that of the Modern Language Association (MLA)—often used in English/Humanities, and that of the American Psychological Association (APA)—often used in social sciences. The source documents are:

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. 7th ed. New York: MLA, 2009. www.mla.org/style.

Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. 6th ed. Washington: APA, 2009. www.apastyle.org.

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The Two-Part Principle of Documentation

Documentation styles vary in their details, but most styles require authors to

● identify in a parenthetical reference in the text any information taken from a source

● list all sources for the paper on a separate page at the end

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Tips for Writing a Research Paper

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A parenthetical citation tells the reader that the information preceding the parentheses is borrowed from a source and provides a key to the full identification of that source. Footnotes are now rarely used to document source material; instead, they are used to give additional information that cannot be conveniently worked into the body of your paragraph. A Works Cited (MLA) or References list (APA) is a list of all the sources from which you have borrowed words, ideas, data, or other material in your paper.


MLA StyleParenthetical References

Standard practice in MLA is to provide the surname of the author of the source material and the page number where the material was taken from. If you’ve already mentioned the author’s name in your paragraph, you need to give only the page number in parentheses following subsequent references to the author’s work. Don’t repeat unnecessarily.

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MLA StyleParenthetical References: Traditional Sources

1. If you name the source author in your paragraph, give just the page number in parentheses.

2. If you do not name the source author in your paragraph, give the author’s surname and the page number.

3. If no author is named in the source, give the first few words of the title as it appears in the Works Cited entry.

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MLA StyleParenthetical References: Traditional Sources cont’d

4. If your source was published in more than one volume, give the volume number before the page reference.

5. If you are quoting from a literary classic or the Bible, use Arabic numerals separated by periods to identify act, scene, and lines from a play or a biblical chapter and verse.

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MLA StyleParenthetical References: Some Examples

1. If you name the source author in your paragraph, give just the page number in parentheses.

Isajiw asserts that the twentieth century “has produced more refugees and exiles than any other preceding period since the fall of the Roman Empire” (66).

2. If you do not name the source author in your paragraph, give the author’s surname and the page number.

The effect of “status drop” on the psychological well-being of immigrants can be substantial: “Especially among those more highly educated, this experience can cause feelings of bitterness or hostility….” (Isajiw 97).

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MLA StyleParenthetical References: Electronic Sources

1. If the electronic source lists an author, give the surname in your parenthetical reference.

2. If the electronic source does not list an author, give the document title (or a shortened version of the title) in italics or quotation marks as appropriate, instead of the author’s name.

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MLA StyleParenthetical References: Electronic Sources cont’d3. You do not usually find page numbers or other navigation devices in an electronic source. If there are page, paragraph, or section numbers that could guide your reader to the specific material being quoted, include them. If the author’s name is included in the parenthetical reference, put a comma after it and include the section or paragraph numbers. Use the abbreviations sec. and par.

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MLA StyleParenthetical References: Some Electronic Examples

3. You do not usually find page numbers in an electronic source.

Even Margaret Atwood must endure the editing process before her books are published:

Being edited is like falling face down into a threshing machine. Every page gets fought over, back and forth, like WWI. Unless the editor and the writer both have in mind the greater glory of the work, … blood will flow and the work will suffer. Every comma, every page break, may be a ground for slaughter. (sec. 6)Taken from Margaret Atwood. “The Rocky Road to Paper Heaven.” http://www.myscribeweb.com/TheRockyRoadToPaperHeaven.html

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http://www.myscribeweb/

http://www.myscribeweb/


MLA StyleWorks Cited

1. Italicize titles and subtitles of any work that is published as a whole.

2. Put quotation marks around the titles of works published within larger works, as well as around the titles of unpublished works.

3. Use capital letters for the first, the last, and all main words in a title and subtitle, even if your source capitalizes only the first word in the title.

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MLA StyleWorks Cited cont’d

● Begin the list on a new page, and number each page, continuing the page numbers of your paper. Your last name and the page number appear in the upper right-hand corner, 1.25 cm from the top and lined up with the right margin.

● Centre the heading, “Works Cited,” 2.50 cm from the top of the page.

● Double-space the entire list, including the title and the first entry.

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● Begin each entry at the left margin. If an entry runs more than one line (and most do), indent the subsequent line or lines one tab space, or 1.25 cm. This format is called a “hanging indent.”

● Arrange the entries alphabetically, beginning with the first word of the entry, which is often the author’s surname. Do not number your entries.

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● If there are several works by the same author, put the author’s name in the first entry only. In the subsequent entries, type three hyphens and a period to represent the author’s name.

● If no author is identified in your source, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring “A,” “An,” and “The.” For example, The Canadian Encyclopedia would be listed under “C,” for “Canadian.”

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MLA Works Cited: Basic Format RulesBooks, Encyclopedias, Reports, Government Publications

Last name of author, First name and/or initials. Title of Book: Subtitle of Book. City of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Medium of publication.

Example: Book with more than one author

McCall, Bruce, and David Letterman. This Land Was Made for You and Me (But Mostly Me): Billionaires in the Wild. Toronto: Random House, 2013. Print.

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MLA Works Cited: Basic Format RulesArticles in Magazines, Newspapers, and Journals

Last name of author, First name and/or initials. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Date: pages. Medium of publication.

Example: Magazine

Bidini, David. “Iqaluit in the Groove.” Canadian Geographic July/Aug. 2009: 57–64. Print.

Example: Scholarly Journal (note that the volume number is given)

Chen, Gary K., Paul Marjoram, and Jeffery D. Wall. “Fast and Flexible Simulation of DNA Sequence Data.” Genome Research 19 (2008): 136–42. Print.

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MLA Works Cited: Electronic SourcesHere are the elements to look for:

● full name of author ● title of the document (in italics if independent; in

quotation marks if it is part of a larger website) ● title of the overall website in italics ● version or edition statement, if available ● publisher or sponsor of the site (if unavailable use “n.p.”) ● library database, if applicable ● date of the publication (if unavailable use “n.d.”) ●medium of publication (“Web”) ● day, month, year on which you found and read the source ● the URL, if required, or if helpful to the reader

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MLA Works Cited: Electronic SourcesExample: Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary

“Canadian Literature.” Encyclopaedia Britannica Online. Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2009. Web. 5 May 2009.

Example: Web Document

“Michael Ondaatje.” The Canadian Literature Archive. 20 Mar. 2006. Web. 2 Nov. 2013. <http://umanitoba.ca/outreach/ canlit/michael_ondaatje.shtml>.

Example: Newspaper Article from a Public Internet Site

Brooymans, Hanneke. “Duck Death Toll Triples at Alberta Oilsands Pond.” edmontonjournal.com. Edmonton

Journal, 31 Mar. 2009. Web. 1 Feb. 2014.

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APA Style

Parenthetical References

Remember that a parenthetical reference in the text of your paper serves two functions: (1) it tells your reader that the information comes from somewhere else, and (2) it points the reader to full details about the source in the References list at the end of your paper.

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APA StyleParenthetical References cont’dOne way to acknowledge the author’s work is to name the author in your sentence and include the date of publication in parentheses immediately after the author’s name: e.g., “Smith (2009) reported….” If you do not name the author in your sentence, put the author’s surname followed by a comma and then the date in parentheses—(Smith, 2009)—right after your quotation, summary, or paraphrase.

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APA StyleParenthetical References cont’dIf you are quoting from a source, you must include in your parenthetical reference the page number(s) on which the quotation appears, using the abbreviation p. (page) or pp. (pages)—(e.g., Smith & Dolittle, 2010, p. 32). APA style encourages but does not require page references in citations for paraphrases or summaries. Electronic sources will work a bit differently.

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APA StyleParenthetical References: Traditional Sources1. Author’s Name Given in Your Text

Kevin Patterson (2000) wrote about his sailing journey from British Columbia to the South Pacific and back: “Suffused with optimism and rum, I told Peter I wanted to sail to Tahiti” (p. 6).

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APA StyleParenthetical References: Traditional Sources cont’d2. Author’s Name Not Given in Your Text

Long voyages by sea, especially in small boats, present obvious dangers depending on the ocean and the season of crossing: “The North Pacific is cold and volatile in the autumn and anyone who knew enough about the sea to consider sailing to Canada knew that much” (Patterson, 2000, p. 249).

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APA StyleParenthetical References: Traditional Sources cont’d3. No Author Named in SourceGive the first two or three words of the title of the publication or article in which the quotation appeared.

Legislation to reduce the amount of pollution generated by large-scale vehicles has been on the federal agenda for some time: “Canada has said it will toughen pollution-emission rules for all new vehicles, ending a loophole that allowed less stringent standards for popular sport-utility vehicles and minivans” (“Canada to Toughen,” 2002, p. A6).

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APA StyleParenthetical References: Traditional Sources cont’d4. Source with Two AuthorsName both authors in the order in which their names appear on the work.

Norton and Green (2005) observe that inexperienced writers achieved superior results when they spent half the allotted time on planning “and” drafting, and the other half on revising.If you do not name the authors in your own sentence, use an ampersand (&) in the parenthetical reference.

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APA StyleParenthetical References: Electronic SourcesIf the electronic source includes the author’s name, give the surname and the publication date (if provided) in your parenthetical reference. If no date is provided and your References list includes another author with the same surname, include the author’s initial(s) in your in-text reference. This is all the information your reader needs in order to find the full bibliographical data in your References list.

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APA StyleParenthetical References: Electronic Sources cont’dIf the electronic source does not list an author, use the document title (or a shortened version of the title) instead of the author’s name. Electronic sources don’t usually include page numbers or other navigation devices, but if there are page, paragraph, or section numbers that could guide your reader to the specific material being quoted, include them. Use the abbreviation par. or pars. for paragraph numbers.

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APA StyleReferences List

The References list at the end of your essay must include detailed documentation of all the sources you have summarized, paraphrased, quoted, or referred to in any way in your paper. This information enables your reader to assess the extent of your research and to find every source you used.

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APA StyleReferences List cont’d

● Begin the References list on a new page.

● Centre the word “References” on the page, two spaces below your running head (the title of your paper in all upper-case letters, abbreviated if necessary).

● Leave a double space between the title “References” and the first entry, and double-space all of the entries.

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● Begin each entry at the left margin. If the entry runs more than a single line—and most do—indent the second and subsequent lines 1.25 cm (this is called a “hanging indent”).

● Arrange the entries alphabetically, beginning with the first word of the entry, which is often the author’s surname. Do not number your entries.

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● If there are several works by the same author, arrange by year of publication, earliest first.

● If no author is identified in your source, alphabetize by the first word in the title, ignoring “A,” “An,” and “The.” For example, The Canadian Encyclopedia would be listed under “C,” for “Canadian” (but would still retain “The” in the title).

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APA References: Basic Format RulesBooks, Encyclopedias, Reports, Government Publications

Last name of author or editor, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of book: Subtitle of book. Place of publication: Publisher.

Example: Book with more than one author

McCall, B., & Letterman, D. (2013). This land was made for you and me (but mostly me): Billionaires in the wild. Toronto, Canada: Random House.

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APA References: Basic Format Rules

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Articles in Magazines, Newspapers, and Journals

● each author’s last name and initials

● date of publication in parentheses and in year–month–day: (2009, September 30) or (2010, January–February)

● title with no quotes and an initial capital letter only; a capital letter is also required after the colon introducing a subtitle

● name as it appears on the front page, in italics, with capital letters for all major words: The Globe and Mail

● volume number and issue number (if any); these often appear in journal entries and are expressed as, for example: 13(6), which means Volume 13, Issue 6

● inclusive page numbers of the article


APA References: Basic Format RulesArticles in Magazines, Newspapers, and Journals

Last name of author, First name and/or initials. “Title of Article.” Title of Periodical Date: pages. Medium of publication.

Example: Article in a Monthly/Seasonal Magazine

Onstad, K. (2013, October). Portrait of a ten-year old girl. The Walrus, 18–25.Example: Scholarly Journal

Baier, M., & Buechsel, R. (2012). A model to help bereaved individuals understand the grief process. Mental Health Practice, 16(1), 28–32.

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References: Electronic FormatsHere are a few guidelines:

● Do not use a hyphen to divide a URL over two lines; if you do, you will make the URL invalid.

● URL and DOI address strings can be long and prone to mistakes if retyped. Copy and paste for best results.

● Download and print online material so that you can verify it if, at a later date, it is revised, unavailable, or inaccessible.

The rules for APA electronic sources are essentially the same as for print and broadcast sources. The reference should provide enough to enable a reader to locate the source quickly—author, date, title, publisher or sponsor of the site, and the URL or a DOI (digital object identifier). Retrieval dates are not necessary.

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References: Electronic FormatExample: Online Encyclopedia, Dictionary

Capricious. (2009). In Merriam-Webster’s online dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/ dictionaryExample: Newspaper Article from a Public Internet Site

Brooymans, H. (2009, March 31). Duck death toll triples at Alberta oilsands pond. Edmonton Journal. Retrieved from http://www.edmontonjournal.com Example: Audio Podcast

Rule, B. (2009, April 5). Barbara Ferguson on Vampires, Art Waves #25 [Audio podcast]. Retrieved from https://archive.org/details/BarbaraFergusonOnVampiresArtWaves25

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http://www.merriam-webster.com/

http://www.edmontonjournal.com/

https://archive.org/details/BarbaraFergusonOnVampiresArtWaves25

chapter 19, essay essentials

Education

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