Chapter 17Chapter 17

IntegumentaryIntegumentary

& &

Skeletal Skeletal

SystemsSystems

Includes:Includes: Epithelial Epithelial cells make cells make

up skin & linings of up skin & linings of digestive & digestive & respiratory Systemsrespiratory Systems

Skin, hair and nailsSkin, hair and nails Functions of the Skin:Functions of the Skin:

Protect from UV raysProtect from UV rays Regulate body tempRegulate body temp Waste removalWaste removal Barrier from infectionBarrier from infection Sensory receptorSensory receptor

Two Main Layers & Two Main Layers & lower layerlower layer Epidermis Epidermis DermisDermis HypodermisHypodermis

AKA AKA adiposeadipose tissue tissue & & subcutaneous subcutaneous layerlayer

The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System

Arrector muscle

Dead skin cells

Erector muscle

The EpidermisThe Epidermis Two Main LayersTwo Main Layers Top layer is made of dead Top layer is made of dead

cellscells Rapid cell division – entire Rapid cell division – entire

skin is replaced every 4 skin is replaced every 4 weeksweeks

Bottom layer is the Bottom layer is the basalbasal layerlayer

Skin Color from Skin Color from MelaninMelanin Produced in Produced in

melanocytesmelanocytes located in located in the basal layer of the the basal layer of the epidermisepidermis

The Integumentary SystemThe Integumentary System

Dermis

Epidermis

MelanocytesMelanocytes Melanocytes Melanocytes have many have many

“fingers” that permeate through “fingers” that permeate through the dermis.the dermis.

Packets of Packets of MelaninMelanin migrate thru migrate thru these fingers and absorb the these fingers and absorb the harmful UV rays from the sun.harmful UV rays from the sun.

The more melanin – the darker The more melanin – the darker the skinthe skin

The DermisThe Dermis Composed mainly of Composed mainly of

Epithelial CellsEpithelial Cells Specialized Epithelial Cells Specialized Epithelial Cells

form hair & nailsform hair & nails 2 types of glands 2 types of glands

sebaceous (oil)sebaceous (oil) – – secretes oil to protect secretes oil to protect skin & moisturize skin & moisturize

sweat glandssweat glands (perspiration)– help (perspiration)– help control body temp control body temp removes salts & wastes.removes salts & wastes.

Hair FolliclesHair Follicles Arrector Arrector musclemuscle Capillaries Capillaries Nerve endings sense – Nerve endings sense –

heat, cold, pressure, painheat, cold, pressure, pain Wrinkles occur here.Wrinkles occur here.

The Skin – The Dermis LayerThe Skin – The Dermis Layer

Also known as Also known as (AKA):(AKA): Subcutaneous Subcutaneous

LayerLayer Adipose LayerAdipose Layer

Fatty tissueFatty tissue serves serves to insulate, protect to insulate, protect and add formand add form

The Skin - The Skin - HypodermisHypodermis

The Skeletal SystemThe Skeletal System

Skeletal SystemSkeletal System Main FunctionMain Function

Support the bodySupport the body Anchor point for muscle attachmentAnchor point for muscle attachment Protect vital organsProtect vital organs

206206 bones bones in the body in the body ½ are in the hands and feet ½ are in the hands and feet 2 main parts 2 main parts

Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton Appendicular Appendicular SkeletonSkeleton

6 smallest in the 6 smallest in the middle ear :middle ear :MalleusMalleus, , Incus, StapesIncus, Stapes

(hammer anvil & (hammer anvil & stirrup)stirrup)

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton Bones of the head & trunk Bones of the head & trunk

Skull, Spine & Rib CageSkull, Spine & Rib Cage Vertebral column – Vertebral column – 33-3433-34

bones in bones in 5 regions5 regions Separated by cushioning Separated by cushioning

cartilaginous diskscartilaginous disks Cervical RegionCervical Region

7 vertebrae7 vertebrae 11stst vertebrae called the vertebrae called the

AtlasAtlas 22ndnd Vertebrae called the Vertebrae called the

AxisAxis

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton Bones of the head & trunk Bones of the head & trunk

Thoracic RegionThoracic Region 12 vertebrae w rib pairs 12 vertebrae w rib pairs

attachedattached 11stst 7 are 7 are true ribstrue ribs – connected to – connected to

the sternumthe sternum Next 3 have Next 3 have false ribsfalse ribs – attached – attached

to the last true rib w/ cartilageto the last true rib w/ cartilage Last 2 vertebrae have Last 2 vertebrae have floating floating

ribsribs attached attached Sternum (Breast Bone)Sternum (Breast Bone) XiphoidXiphoid process process

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton Bones of the head & trunk Bones of the head & trunk

Lumbar RegionLumbar Region – (lower – (lower back) w/ 5 ribsback) w/ 5 ribs

Sacrum Sacrum – 4-5 fused to – 4-5 fused to help make up the pelvishelp make up the pelvis

Coccyx RegionCoccyx Region – the – the “tail bone” – made up of “tail bone” – made up of 4 fused vertebrae4 fused vertebrae

The Axial SkeletonThe Axial Skeleton The Cranium (Skull) – about 22 The Cranium (Skull) – about 22

bonesbones

Know these bones: Frontal Bone, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, Nasal, Maxilla, Mandible, Zygomatic,

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The arms, legs, hands, feet, The arms, legs, hands, feet,

pectoral and pelvic girdlespectoral and pelvic girdles

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The The pectoral and pelvic girdlespectoral and pelvic girdles

Know these bones:

Pectoral Girdal: Scapula, Clavicle, head of the Humerus,

Pelvic Girdal: Illium, Ischium, pubis, Sacrum, head of Femur

Sacrum

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The arms and handsThe arms and hands

Know these bones:

Humerus, Ulna, Radius, Carpals, Metacarpals and phalanges.

Know how to name the fingers so you can identify the individual phalanges of each hand.

The Appendicular SkeletonThe Appendicular Skeleton The Legs and FeetThe Legs and Feet

Know these bones:

Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Patella, Tarsals, Metatarsals, Phalanges, Talus, Calcaneus

The Structure of Bone The Structure of Bone The Legs and FeetThe Legs and Feet

Know these structures:

Periosteum, shaft, compact bone, spongy bone, Osteocyte, Haversian Canals, Lamella, red marrow, yellow marrow Periosteum – tough covering

which supplies blood vessels, nutrients and oxygen to the bone

Compact Bone – dense strong hard bone, makes up the shaft of long bones

Spongy Bone – porous bone filled w/ Marrow

red marrow – contains & makes red and white blood cells

Yellow marrow – contains fat and nerve cells

The Structure of Bone The Structure of Bone The Legs and FeetThe Legs and Feet

Know these structures:

Periosteum, shaft, compact bone, spongy bone, Osteocyte, Haversian Canals, Lamella, red marrow, yellow marrow Osteocyte – cells that manufacture bone cells- embedded in compact and spongy layers. Deposits Calcium to make the bone

Haversian Canals: network of tubes filled w/ vessels and nerves that supply marrow w/ materials

Lamella – Circular layers of bone make up compact hard bone

The Structure of Bone The Structure of Bone Growth & ConnectionsGrowth & Connections

Know these structures and terms:

Epiphyseal plate, cartilage, ligament, tendons, joint, suture, immovable, pivot, hinge, ball & socket, gliding

Epiphyseal Plates – area of growth in long bones

Cartilage: flexible yet strong cushioning connective tissue usually between bones

Tendon – connects muscle to bone

Ligament – connect bone to bone

The Structure of Bone The Structure of Bone Growth & ConnectionsGrowth & Connections

Know these structures and terms:

Epiphyseal plate, cartilage, ligament, tendons, joint, suture, immovable, pivot, hinge, ball & socket, gliding

Joint – place where two bones come together

Immovable: joints in the cranium

Hinge – Elbow & knee

Ball & Socket – Widest range of motion, Circular type movement shoulder & hip

Pivot – Allows side-to-side and up-and-down movement Vertebrae, radius/ulna

Gliding – some bending and twisting: wrist & ankle, fingers & toes

Chapter 17Chapter 17

IntegumentaryIntegumentary

& Skeletal Systems& Skeletal Systems

That’s all folks!!That’s all folks!!