chapter 16 study guide. four states of matter solids solids –low ke - particles vibrate but...
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Chapter 16 Study Chapter 16 Study GuideGuide
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Four States of MatterFour States of Matter
SolidsSolids– low KE - particles vibrate but low KE - particles vibrate but
can’t move aroundcan’t move around
– atoms held tightly into placeatoms held tightly into place
– definite shape & volumedefinite shape & volume
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Four States of MatterFour States of Matter
LiquidsLiquids– higher KE - particles can move higher KE - particles can move
around but are still close around but are still close togethertogether
– no definite shapeno definite shape
– definite volumedefinite volume
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Four States of MatterFour States of Matter
GasesGases– high KE - particles can high KE - particles can
separate and move throughout separate and move throughout containercontainer
– no definite shape & volumeno definite shape & volume
– move more quickly than move more quickly than particles that make up solidsparticles that make up solids
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Four States of MatterFour States of Matter
PlasmaPlasma– very high KE – made up of charged very high KE – made up of charged
particles (+/-)particles (+/-)
– gas-like, indefinitegas-like, indefiniteshape & volumeshape & volume
– most common statemost common state
of matterof matter
– starsstars
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Pressure
• Pressure is the amount of force exerted per unit of area, or P = F/A.
• Pressure is measured in a unit called Pascal (Pa), the SI unit of pressure.
• Most matter expands when heated.
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Heating CurvesHeating Curves
Heat of FusionHeat of Fusion– energy required to change from solid to energy required to change from solid to
liquidliquid– some attractive forces are brokensome attractive forces are broken
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Heating CurvesHeating Curves
Heat of VaporizationHeat of Vaporization– energy required to change from liquid to energy required to change from liquid to
gasgas– all attractive forces are brokenall attractive forces are broken
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Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle
Archimedes Archimedes - - Whether an object will sink or float in a fluidWhether an object will sink or float in a fluid
ViscosityViscosity– Resistance to flow by a fluidResistance to flow by a fluid
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More water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight ball floats lower in the water.Not enough water is displaced in order to cancel weight ball sinks.
Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle
– the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is the buoyant force on an object in a fluid is equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the equal to the weight of fluid displaced by the objectobject
Very little water needs to be displaced in order to cancel weight ball floats on surface.
View animations produced by students at Poly Prep Country Day School in Brooklyn, New York.
View Buoyancy JAVA Applet.
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Archimedes’ PrincipleArchimedes’ Principle Buoyant ForceBuoyant Force
– upward force exerted by a fluid on an upward force exerted by a fluid on an immersed objectimmersed object
– buoyant force > weightbuoyant force > weight
– buoyant force = weight buoyant force = weight
– buoyant force < weightbuoyant force < weight
balloon rises
balloon sinks
balloon floats
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V
T
Charles’ LawCharles’ Law
• According to Charles’s law, the volume of a gas increases with increasing temperature, (at constant pressure)
DIRECT
2
2
1
1
T
V
T
V
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Pascal’s PrinciplePascal’s Principle Pascal’s PrinciplePascal’s Principle
– pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted pressure applied to a fluid is transmitted unchanged throughout the fluidunchanged throughout the fluid
A
FP
2
2
1
1
AF
AF
Pascal - hydraulics
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Boyle’s LawBoyle’s Law When the volume of a gas decreases, When the volume of a gas decreases,
its pressure increases (at constant its pressure increases (at constant temp).temp).
P
VP1V1= P2V2
INVERSE
• As the volume is As the volume is increased, the increased, the pressure will pressure will decrease. decrease.
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Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle
Bernoulli’s PrincipleBernoulli’s Principle
– as the velocity of a fluid increases, the as the velocity of a fluid increases, the pressure exerted by the fluid decreasespressure exerted by the fluid decreases
– why planes flywhy planes fly
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Thermal ExpansionThermal Expansion
When concrete When concrete absorbs heat, it absorbs heat, it expands. Then when expands. Then when it cools, it contracts. it cools, it contracts.
If expansion joints are If expansion joints are not used, the concrete not used, the concrete will crack when the will crack when the temperature changes. temperature changes.
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•If you place a balloon in a freezer the molecules will slow down and the balloon will shrink as the volume decreases
Charles’ LawCharles’ Law
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Charles’ LawCharles’ Law
Absolute Zero Absolute Zero - Temp at which...- Temp at which...– the volume of a gas would equal zero.the volume of a gas would equal zero.– all particle motion would stop.all particle motion would stop.
-273°Cor0 K