CHAPTER 16THE EAST ASIAN WORLD

1400 – 1800

A BYOD Moment 1.Where is it?2.What is the name?3.How is it similar to the palace of Versailles in France?

4.How would this symbolize the power of the leader?

Section 1 pages 510-15

CHINA AT ITS HEIGHT

How did a policy of isolation affect the Chinese Empire?

A BYOD Moment

1)Where is this water way located?2)This major water way flows south to

north and is a specific canal. 1)what is the name of this canal?2)Why is it critical to this country’s

economic stability?

China’s last native imperial dynasty!

The Ming Dynasty Mongols replaced by Ming Hong Wu, who started the Ming dynasty. He extended the empire, strengthened the Great Wall. Ran an effective government using a centralized bureaucracy, using civil service tests.

Voyages of Zheng HeMing built the Imperial City in Beijing and it became the capital. Yong Le also sent a series of naval voyages into Indian Ocean. Led by Zheng He –he brought great profit to China.

First Contacts with the West1514, The Portuguese fleet arrived off the coast of China. They were the first direct contact between the Chinese and Europe since Marco Polo. China was at it’s height of power. Emperors believed Europeans were barbaric. Portugal soon outraged the Chinese and was expelled from Guangzhou and now could only trade at the port of Macao. There was a good exchange of ideas between the 2 nations. Christian missionaries had also make long voyage to China. Chinese scholars were able to read better with European eyeglasses. Europeans were impressed with Confucius teachings.

Zheng He

The Ming Dynasty3. Fall of Ming DynastyIn the late 16th century, internal struggles

began. Followed by government corruption. In the 1630’s, a major epidemic reduced the population.

Weak rulers, peasant unrest, and poor crop yields, contributed to the downfall of the Ming dynasty.

Overthrow of the Ming led to Manchus, farm people from Manchuria, who created a new dynasty called Qing (Pure) Dynasty created in 1644 and remained in power until 1911.

The Qing DynastySome people resisted new rule; the Manchus prepared to attack the

island of Taiwan. To identify rebels, Manchu troops ordered all males shaved their forehead and braid their hair into a pigtail called a Queue. Manchu fighting units were called banners. “Bannermen” were the chief fighting force of the empire, had separate units. Were gradually accepted as rulers.

1. Qing AdaptationsKept Ming political systems but Manchus were ethnically and

culturally different. Deal with it in 2 ways:a) tried to preserves their distinct identity within Chinese society.

Their nobility held large landholdings and received $ from treasury. b) dealt with the problem of ethnic difference by bringing Chinese

into imperial administration, but Manchus held the higher posts. Sharing power did win them support from Chinese.

2. Reign of KangxiStrongest emperor – Christian missionaries reached their height.

Many Chinese converted. His successors began to suppress Christian activities.

Kangxi

The Qing Dynasty

Europeans in ChinaQianlong expanded China to its greatest physical size, but also the first signs of decay appeared. Why did this happen?The Emperor fell under the influence of destructive elements at court. Corrupt officials

and higher taxes led to unrest. Population growth exerted pressure on land. Led to the White Lotus Rebellion(a peasant revolt) repressed but was expensive. Europe wanting more trade during this dynasty. Qing confined all European traders to a small island outside Guangzhou. Britain had an unfavorable trade balance with China, that is Britain imported more goods from China than it exported to the country. Led to debt owed to China.

Section 1 ReviewReports from early Christian missionaries

made who more curious about China?EuropeansActive Christian missionaries in ChinaJesuitsDynasty founded by Ming Hong WuMingFirst Europeans to make contact with the

Ming dynasty were the?Portuguese

Section 1 ReviewAccomplishments of the Ming emperors included

renovating what?Grand CanalLeader of exploration and trading voyagesZheng HeWeak rulers, peasant unrest, and poor crop yields

contributed to the downfall of what dynasty?MingRuling dynasty from 1644-1911(after Ming)QingThe emperor Kangxi was generally tolerant of what?Christian missionariesManchu fighting unitsbanners

Section 2CHINESE SOCIETY AND CULTURE

What was the main focus of Chinese society ?

Challenge!

Imagine that in your current home there are four generations of family living together. This includes aunts, uncles, cousins, siblings, parents and grandparents. How many people would you be living with in your household?

Economy and Daily Life1. Economic ChangesFirst change for China was an increase in population.

Causes – peace and stability, improvements in food supply. Population increase meant less land available for each family. Another change was a steady growth in manufacturing and increased trade between provinces. Did not develop the kind of commercial capitalism (private business based on profit) that was emerging in Europe.

2. Society and role of WomenChinese society was organized around the family. All

family members were expected to sacrifice their individual needs to benefit the family. Based on Confucian ideals. Extended family and clans as well.

Women were considered inferior to men. Only males could have a formal education and pursue a career in government. Feature of Chinese society that restricted the mobility of women was the practice of foot binding. Bound feet were a status symbol. Were more marriageable.

Chinese Art and Literature1. The Chinese novelMing economic expansion increases

standards of living. New innovations in paper manufacturing encouraged the growth of printing. Chinese novel began.

2. Ming and Qing ArtArchitecture – Imperial City – complex of

palaces and temples, now known as Forbidden City. The city was closed to commoners. Decorative arts grew. Most famous of all the arts of the Ming Era was blue and white porcelain.

Section 2 ReviewPrivate business based on profitCommercial capitalismPrivate business-for-profit did not increase in

China because why?Government control of manufacturing and

tradeHeavy taxes on manufacturingChinese attitudes toward trade and

manufacturing (looked down on, inferior to farming)

Section 2 ReviewThe most famous of Ming Era arts?Blue and white porcelainBetween 1500 and 1800, 85% of Chinese

people did what for a living?FarmingPainful practice for Chinese womenFoot bindingWalled compound inside BeijingImperial City

Section 2 ReviewGroup of many related familiesClanThe ideal family unit in Qing China consisted of

what?The extended familyChanges that occurred in China between 1500

and 1800 included: growth in manufacturing and trade, improvements in the food supply, and an increase in what?

PopulationThe Forbidden City was closed to who?commoners

Section 3 pages 520-25TOKUGAWA JAPAN AND KOREA

What changes took place in Japan after its political unification?

1) What is the social hierarchy of Union High School in your opinion?

2) What title would you give each group?

3) How would you describe each group?

Political Changes in JapanEnd 15th century Japan was in chaos. Shogunate

collapsed – Daimyo (heads of noble families) took control.

Three Great Unifiers Late 16th century unification startsOda Nobunaga – seized capital of Kyoto and put

shogun under his control.Toyotomi Hideyoshi – Osaka = capital. Persuade

most of Daimyo to accept him.Tokugawa Ieyasu – powerful daimyo of Edo,

(today Tokyo)completed the restoration of central authority. Brought in a long period called “Great Peace.”

Political Changes in Japan Europeans in JapanAs Japan unifies, Europeans arrive. Portugal

came first. At first were welcomed. Francis Xaiver, a Jesuit missionary, came. Japan fascinated by tobacco, clocks, eye glasses, and other European goods. Hideyoshi eventually prohibited Christianity because the Jesuits destroyed local shrines. Then merchants were forced to leave.

Political Changes in Japan3. Tokugawa RuleEstablished control of feudal systems. 250

separate territories called HANS (Domains). Each ruled by a daimyo. Shogun used HOSTAGE SYSTEM whereby daimyo required to have 2 houses – one in own lands and one in Edo. If went to own lands family stayed in Edo and if went to Edo then family could go to own lands.

JapanTokugawa Rule

Hostage SystemDaimyo ruled a han or territoryFamily forced to stay in Edo

Great PeaceSamurai ceased to be a warrior class

SocietyRigid class system

EmperorImperial

Court Families

Warrior Class:Shogun, Daimyo,

Samurai, Ronin

Farmers, Artisans

Merchants

Eta

Tokugawa EraMajor economic changes. Trade and industry

grew. 1. Economic and Social changeJapanese merchant class emerged, began to

play a significant role. How about the peasants? Some benefit by exploiting the demand for cash crop. Most experienced declining profits and rising costs. Japans’ class system became rigid. Classes: warriors, peasants, artisans, and merchants. No intermarriages allowed. Page 523 discuss classes.

Tokugawa Era2. Society and role of WomenIn samurai class, rights of females were

restricted. Women were generally valued for their role as child bearers and homemakers.

3. Literature and the ArtsNew set of cultural values – included the rise

of popular literature. Was lighthearted and intended to please audiences. Theater – Kabuki which emphasized action, music and dramatic gestures. All male actors.

Korea: the Hermit KingdomYi dynasty under Yi Songgye. One of

World’s longest lasting monarchies.1. Distinctive Culture

Patterned society on China. Did develop own unique alphabet – HANGUL. Still largely standard writing system.2. Cultural Isolation

Was invaded by Japan – in response Korean rulers sought to isolate Korea. Nicknamed “Hermit Kingdom.” Manchus attack early 17th century – Korea surrenders and Yi Dynasty subject to China.

Section 3 ReviewHeads of noble familiesDaimyoJapanese social outcastsEtaShogunates method of controlHostage systemTerritories or domainsHansCrops grown for saleCash crops

Section 3 ReviewWarriors, peasants, artisans, merchants was

the order of the 4 main classes during what Era?

TokugawaMuch of the prose literature of this era was

lighthearted and entertaining. TokugawaFrancis Xavier came to Japan in 1549 as

what?Jesuit missionaryShogun, ronin, daimyo, made up what

Japanese class?warrior

Section 3 ReviewTrue or FalseHideyoshi prohibited Christian activities.TrueDutch ships were limited to one visit per year.TrueEuropeans were interested in buying

Japanese weapons.FalseInitially, traders and missionaries were

welcomed.true

Section 4SPICE TRADE IN

SOUTHEAST ASIAWhy did Europeans struggle to

control the spice trade in Southeast Asia?

A DOK Moment …….1)What is this? 2)What is it used for?

3)What part of the world does it come from?

Emerging Mainland States1. Conflict in Southeast Asia

SE Asia mainland – conflicts – Thai vs. Burma. Vietnam had began “march to the south” – took control of Mekong Delta from Khmer.2. Islamic trade network

Malay Peninsula and Indonesian archipelago – Muslim merchants were attracted to the growing spice trade. They gradually create an Islamic trade network.

Emerging Mainland States3. Religious and Political systems

Beliefs were changing. Islam and Christianity began to draw interest. Political systems into 4 styles of monarchs:

a) Buddhist kings – chief form – king considered superior and link between people and universe

b) Javanese kings – rooted in political traditions of India – believed to have a sacred quality.

c) Islamic sultans –ruled on the Malay Peninsula – Sultan was head, defender of faith, and staffed his bureaucracy with aristocrats(not elected officials)

d) Vietnamese emperors – Chinese model, ruled according to Confucius teachings. Ruler appointed by Heaven to rule by talent and virtue.

Arrival of EuropeansSpices highly valued – used as medicines and food

preservers. Melake key or gateway to Spice Islands. Portugal controlled, then occupied Moluccas. (Spice Island to Europeans)

1. Shift in PowerEnglish and Dutch arrive, better financed. Dutch in

particular consolidate power and military control.2. Impact on the MainlandBy early 17th century other European countries

arrive. Less impact of mainland SE Asia. Mainland states were able to unite and drive Europeans out. These areas had begun to define themselves as distinct political entities. They had strong monarchs that resisted foreign intrusion. Spice trade enormously profitable in non-mainland area, so Europeans gain control of the sources of the spices.

Section 4 reviewWhy were spices highly valued and sought out so

eagerly?They had medical uses and preserved meat for

winter.The Islamic trade network developed in the Malay

Peninsula and the Indonesian Archipelago because Muslim merchants wanted to trade what?

SpicesThe Southeast Asian states evolved into four

styles of monarchy, including:Vietnamese emperors, Islamic sultans, Buddhist

kings, and Javanese kings.

Section 4 reviewWhat group of explorers first found the

gateway to the Spice Islands?PortugueseThe Vietnamese emperor ruled according to

whose teachings?Confucius