chapter 15 urban america section 1: immigration. europeans flood into the united states (pages...

Chapter 15Chapter 15Urban AmericaUrban America

Section 1: ImmigrationSection 1: Immigration

Europeans Flood into the Europeans Flood into the United States (Pages 464-United States (Pages 464-

467)467) By the late 1800’s, most European states By the late 1800’s, most European states

made it easy to move to America. By the made it easy to move to America. By the 1890’s, eastern and southern Europeans 1890’s, eastern and southern Europeans make up more than half of all immigrants. make up more than half of all immigrants.

Of the 14 million immigrants who arrived Of the 14 million immigrants who arrived between 1860 and 1900, many were between 1860 and 1900, many were European Jews. European Jews. America offered immigrants employment, America offered immigrants employment,

few immigration restrictions, avoidance few immigration restrictions, avoidance of military service, religious freedom, and of military service, religious freedom, and the chance to move up the social ladder.the chance to move up the social ladder.


467)467) Most immigrants took the difficult Most immigrants took the difficult

trip to America in steerage, the least trip to America in steerage, the least expensive accommodations on a expensive accommodations on a steamship. steamship.

The 14-day trip usually ended at Ellis The 14-day trip usually ended at Ellis Island, a small island in New York Island, a small island in New York Harbor. It served as a processing Harbor. It served as a processing center for most immigrants arriving center for most immigrants arriving on the East coast after 1892.on the East coast after 1892.


467)467) Most immigrants passed through Most immigrants passed through

Ellis Island in a day. However, some Ellis Island in a day. However, some faced the possibility of being faced the possibility of being separated from family and possibly separated from family and possibly sent back to Europe due to health sent back to Europe due to health problems.problems.


467)467) Most immigrants settled in cities. Most immigrants settled in cities.

They lived in neighborhoods that They lived in neighborhoods that were separated into ethnic groups. were separated into ethnic groups. Here they duplicated many of the Here they duplicated many of the comforts of their homelands, comforts of their homelands, including language and religion. including language and religion.


467)467) Immigrants who learned English, Immigrants who learned English,

adapted to American culture, had adapted to American culture, had marketable skills or money, or if marketable skills or money, or if they settled among members of their they settled among members of their own ethnic group they tended to own ethnic group they tended to adjust well to living in the United adjust well to living in the United States.States.

Asian Immigration to Asian Immigration to AmericaAmerica

(page 467)(page 467) Severe unemployment, poverty, and Severe unemployment, poverty, and

famine in China; the discovery of famine in China; the discovery of gold in California; the Taiping gold in California; the Taiping Rebellion in China; and the demand Rebellion in China; and the demand for railroad workers in the United for railroad workers in the United States led to an increase in Chinese States led to an increase in Chinese immigration to the United States in immigration to the United States in the mid-1800’s.the mid-1800’s.


(page 467)(page 467) In Western cities, Chinese In Western cities, Chinese

immigrants worked as laborers, immigrants worked as laborers, servants , skilled tradesmen, and servants , skilled tradesmen, and merchants. merchants.


(page 467)(page 467) Between 1900 and 1919, Japanese Between 1900 and 1919, Japanese

immigration to the United States immigration to the United States drastically increased as Japan began drastically increased as Japan began to build an industrial economy and to build an industrial economy and an empire.an empire.


(page 467)(page 467) In 1910, a barracks was opened on In 1910, a barracks was opened on

Angel Island in California. Here, Angel Island in California. Here, Asian immigrants, mostly young men Asian immigrants, mostly young men and boys, waited sometimes for and boys, waited sometimes for months for the results of months for the results of immigration hearings. immigration hearings.

The Resurgence of NativismThe Resurgence of Nativism(Page 468)(Page 468)

The increase in immigration led to The increase in immigration led to nativism, an extreme dislike to limit nativism, an extreme dislike to limit immigration. Earlier, in the 1840’s immigration. Earlier, in the 1840’s and 1850’s, nativism was directed and 1850’s, nativism was directed towards the Irish. In the early towards the Irish. In the early 1900’s, it was the Asian, Jews, and 1900’s, it was the Asian, Jews, and eastern Europeans that were the eastern Europeans that were the focus of nativism.focus of nativism.


Nativism led to the forming of two anti-Nativism led to the forming of two anti-immigrant groups. The American Protective immigrant groups. The American Protective Association had 500,000 members by 1887. Association had 500,000 members by 1887. The party’s founder, Henry Bowers, disliked The party’s founder, Henry Bowers, disliked Catholics and foreigners. He wanted to stop Catholics and foreigners. He wanted to stop immigration. immigration.

In the 1870’s, Denis Kearny, an Irish In the 1870’s, Denis Kearny, an Irish immigrant, organized the Workingman’s immigrant, organized the Workingman’s Party of California. This group wanted to stop Party of California. This group wanted to stop Chinese immigration. Racial violence Chinese immigration. Racial violence resulted.resulted.


In 1882 Congress passed the In 1882 Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act that barred Chinese Exclusion Act that barred Chinese immigration for 10 years Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already and prevented the Chinese already in America from becoming citizens. in America from becoming citizens. This act was renewed by Congress in This act was renewed by Congress in 1892, made permanent in 1902, and 1892, made permanent in 1902, and not repealed until 1943.not repealed until 1943.

Chapter 15 Chapter 15 Urban AmericaUrban America

Section 2: UrbanizationSection 2: Urbanization

Americans Migrate to the Americans Migrate to the CitiesCities

(pages 469-470)(pages 469-470) The urban population of the United States The urban population of the United States

grew form about 10 million in 1870 to grew form about 10 million in 1870 to over 30 million by 1900.over 30 million by 1900.

Immigrants remained in the cities, where Immigrants remained in the cities, where they worked long hours for little pay. Still, they worked long hours for little pay. Still, most immigrants felt their standard of most immigrants felt their standard of living had improved in the United States.living had improved in the United States.

Farmers began moving to cities because Farmers began moving to cities because of better paying jobs, electricity, running of better paying jobs, electricity, running water, plumbing, and entertainment.water, plumbing, and entertainment.

The New Urban The New Urban EnvironmentEnvironment

(pages 470-471) (pages 470-471) Housing and transportation needs Housing and transportation needs

changed due to the increase in the changed due to the increase in the amount of people living in cities.amount of people living in cities.

As the price of land increased, As the price of land increased, building owners began to build up. building owners began to build up. Skyscrapers, tall steel frame Skyscrapers, tall steel frame buildings , were constructed for this buildings , were constructed for this reason. reason.

The New Urban The New Urban EnvironmentEnvironment

(pages 470-471)(pages 470-471) In the late 1800’s, various kinds of In the late 1800’s, various kinds of

mass transit developed to move large mass transit developed to move large numbers of people around cities numbers of people around cities quickly. Beginning with the horse quickly. Beginning with the horse car, and later to the more car, and later to the more sophisticated electric trolley cars and sophisticated electric trolley cars and elevated railroads, engineers created elevated railroads, engineers created ways to move the ever expanding ways to move the ever expanding population around the city.population around the city.

Separation by ClassSeparation by Class(Page 471)(Page 471)

Definite boundaries could be seen between Definite boundaries could be seen between where the wealthy, middle class, and where the wealthy, middle class, and working class people lived.working class people lived.

Wealthy families lived in the heart of the city Wealthy families lived in the heart of the city where they constructed elaborate homeswhere they constructed elaborate homes

The middle class, which included doctors, The middle class, which included doctors, lawyers, engineers, and teachers, tended to lawyers, engineers, and teachers, tended to live away from the city.live away from the city.

The majority, of urban dwellers were part of The majority, of urban dwellers were part of the working class who lived in city the working class who lived in city tenements, or dark and crowded multi-family tenements, or dark and crowded multi-family apartments.apartments.

Urban ProblemsUrban Problems(Page 472) (Page 472)

The growth of cities resulted in an increase in The growth of cities resulted in an increase in crime, fire, disease, and pollution. From 1880 crime, fire, disease, and pollution. From 1880 to 1900, there was a large increase in the to 1900, there was a large increase in the murder rate.murder rate.

Native born Americans blamed immigrants for Native born Americans blamed immigrants for the increase in crime.the increase in crime.

Alcohol contributed to crime in the late Alcohol contributed to crime in the late 1800’s1800’s

Contaminated drinking water from improper Contaminated drinking water from improper sewage disposal resulted in epidemics of sewage disposal resulted in epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera.typhoid fever and cholera.

Urban PoliticsUrban Politics(pages 472-473)(pages 472-473)

A new political system was needed to A new political system was needed to cope with the new urban problems. The cope with the new urban problems. The political machine, an informal political political machine, an informal political group designed to gain and keep group designed to gain and keep power, provide essentials to city power, provide essentials to city dwellers in exchange for votes. Party dwellers in exchange for votes. Party bosses ran the political machines. bosses ran the political machines. George Plunket, an Irish immigrant, George Plunket, an Irish immigrant, was one of New York City’s most was one of New York City’s most powerful party bosses.powerful party bosses.


The party bosses had tight control of the The party bosses had tight control of the city’s money. Many of the politicians city’s money. Many of the politicians became wealthy due to fraud or graft- became wealthy due to fraud or graft- getting money through dishonest or getting money through dishonest or questionable means.questionable means.

The most famous New York Democratic The most famous New York Democratic political machine was Tammany Hall. political machine was Tammany Hall. During the 1860’s and 1870’s, Tammany During the 1860’s and 1870’s, Tammany Hall’s boss was William Tweed. He was Hall’s boss was William Tweed. He was arrested for corruption and sent to arrested for corruption and sent to prison in 1874.prison in 1874.


Although corrupt, political machines Although corrupt, political machines did supply important services and did supply important services and help assimilate the ever-expanding help assimilate the ever-expanding population of city dwellers.population of city dwellers.

Chapter 15 Chapter 15 Urban AmericaUrban America

Section 3: The Gilded AgeSection 3: The Gilded Age

A Changing CultureA Changing Culture

In 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Warner co-In 1873 Mark Twain and Charles Warner co-wrote the novel, wrote the novel, The Gilded AgeThe Gilded Age..

Historians use this term to refer to the time Historians use this term to refer to the time between 1870 and 1900.between 1870 and 1900.

The term The term gilded- refers to something being gilded- refers to something being gold on the outside with while the inside is gold on the outside with while the inside is made of cheaper material.made of cheaper material.

The authors tried to point out that although The authors tried to point out that although this was a time of growth, beneath the surface this was a time of growth, beneath the surface were corruption, poverty, and a huge were corruption, poverty, and a huge difference between rich and poor.difference between rich and poor.

A Changing CultureA Changing Culture

Industrialization and urbanization Industrialization and urbanization caused Americans to look at society in caused Americans to look at society in a different way. This gave way to new a different way. This gave way to new values, art, and forms of values, art, and forms of entertainment.entertainment.

A strong belief during the Gilded Age A strong belief during the Gilded Age was the idea of was the idea of individualismindividualism.. This is the belief that regardless of your This is the belief that regardless of your

background, you could still rise in society.background, you could still rise in society.

Discussion QuestionDiscussion Question

Why did Mark Twain and Charles Why did Mark Twain and Charles Warner call the era from about Warner call the era from about 1870-1900 the Gilded Age?1870-1900 the Gilded Age?

Social DarwinismSocial Darwinism

Herbert Spencer, and English Herbert Spencer, and English philosopher, first proposed the idea.philosopher, first proposed the idea.

Spencer took Charles Darwin’s theory of Spencer took Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution and natural selection and evolution and natural selection and applied it to human society.applied it to human society. Like Darwin’s theory- that a species that Like Darwin’s theory- that a species that

cannot adapt to the environment will cannot adapt to the environment will eventually die out- Spencer felt that human eventually die out- Spencer felt that human society evolved through competition. He society evolved through competition. He concluded that society progressed and became concluded that society progressed and became better because only the fittest people survived.better because only the fittest people survived.


Industrial leaders agreed with Social Industrial leaders agreed with Social Darwinism!Darwinism! Social Darwinism paralleled laissez-faire, Social Darwinism paralleled laissez-faire,

and economic doctrine that was opposed to and economic doctrine that was opposed to government interference with business.government interference with business.

Many devout Christians and some leading Many devout Christians and some leading scientists opposed the idea of Darwin’s scientists opposed the idea of Darwin’s conclusions about the origin of new species, conclusions about the origin of new species, They rejected the theory of evolution They rejected the theory of evolution because it went against the Bible’s account because it went against the Bible’s account of creation.of creation.


Andrew Carnegie, a wealthy business Andrew Carnegie, a wealthy business leader, believed in Social Darwinism leader, believed in Social Darwinism and laissez-faire.and laissez-faire. However, he also felt those who profited However, he also felt those who profited

from society should give something back, from society should give something back, so he softened Social Darwinism with his so he softened Social Darwinism with his Gospel of WealthGospel of Wealth.. This philosophy stated that wealthy This philosophy stated that wealthy

Americans were responsible and should Americans were responsible and should engage in engage in philanthropyphilanthropy, using great fortunes , using great fortunes to further social progress.to further social progress.

RealismRealism

A new movement in art and literature, A new movement in art and literature, called realism, portrayed people in called realism, portrayed people in realistic situations instead of idealizing realistic situations instead of idealizing them as the romantic artists had done.them as the romantic artists had done. Thomas Eakins (painter)Thomas Eakins (painter) William Dean Howells (writer)William Dean Howells (writer) Henry James (writer)Henry James (writer) Edith Wharton (writer)Edith Wharton (writer) Mark Twain (writer of the first true Mark Twain (writer of the first true

American novel)American novel)

Popular CulturePopular Culture

Popular culture changed in the late Popular culture changed in the late 1800’s. 1800’s. People had more money to spend on People had more money to spend on

entertainment and recreation. entertainment and recreation. Work became separate from home.Work became separate from home. People looked to have fun by “going People looked to have fun by “going

out” to public entertainment.out” to public entertainment.


During the 1800’s, the saloon acted During the 1800’s, the saloon acted like a community and political center like a community and political center for male workers.for male workers. Coney Island in New York was an Coney Island in New York was an

amusement park that attracted working amusement park that attracted working class families and single adults. It class families and single adults. It offered amusements such as water offered amusements such as water slides and railroad rides.slides and railroad rides.


Watching sports became very Watching sports became very popular in the late 1800’s.popular in the late 1800’s. Baseball (Cincinnati Red Stockings)Baseball (Cincinnati Red Stockings) Football and Basketball also became Football and Basketball also became

very popular.very popular.


In the early 1880’s, vaudeville In the early 1880’s, vaudeville became popular. became popular. It was adapted from the French theatre It was adapted from the French theatre

and combined animal acts, acrobats, and combined animal acts, acrobats, gymnasts, and dancers in its gymnasts, and dancers in its performances.performances.


RagtimeRagtime The most famous African American The most famous African American

ragtime composer was Scott Joplin, who ragtime composer was Scott Joplin, who became known as the King of Ragtime.became known as the King of Ragtime.

Chapter 15Chapter 15Urban AmericaUrban America

Section 4: The Rebirth of Section 4: The Rebirth of ReformReform

Social CriticismSocial Criticism Changes in industrialization and urbanization Changes in industrialization and urbanization

led to debates among Americans over the led to debates among Americans over the issue of how to handle society’s problems.issue of how to handle society’s problems. In 1879 journalist Henry George wrote a best-In 1879 journalist Henry George wrote a best-

selling book call selling book call Progress and PovertyProgress and Poverty.. In 1833 Lester Frank Ward’s In 1833 Lester Frank Ward’s Dynamic SocietyDynamic Society

argued that humans were unlike animals because argued that humans were unlike animals because they could think and plan ahead.they could think and plan ahead.

1888 Edward Bellamy’s 1888 Edward Bellamy’s Looking Backward 2000-Looking Backward 2000-18871887 became a best seller and helped shape the became a best seller and helped shape the thinking of American reformers, the book tells the thinking of American reformers, the book tells the story of the perfect society in the year 2000.story of the perfect society in the year 2000.

Naturalism in LiteratureNaturalism in Literature

Realists argued that people could Realists argued that people could control their lives and make choices control their lives and make choices to improve their situation.to improve their situation. In a style of writing known as naturalism, In a style of writing known as naturalism,

writers criticized industrial society.writers criticized industrial society. They suggested that some people failed in life They suggested that some people failed in life

due to circumstances they could not control.due to circumstances they could not control. Prominent naturalist writers all wrote stories Prominent naturalist writers all wrote stories

of characters caught up in situations they of characters caught up in situations they could not control.could not control.

Helping the Urban PoorHelping the Urban Poor

Reformers began to organize to help Reformers began to organize to help the poor. Organizations Such As:the poor. Organizations Such As: Social Gospel MovementSocial Gospel Movement Salvation ArmySalvation Army YMCAYMCA Women’s ClubsWomen’s Clubs Settlement HousesSettlement Houses Temperance MovementsTemperance Movements


Minister Washington Gladden was Minister Washington Gladden was an early supporter of the Social an early supporter of the Social Gospel Movement.Gospel Movement. He wanted to apply “Christian Law” to He wanted to apply “Christian Law” to

social problems.social problems. From 1870 to 1920, members of the From 1870 to 1920, members of the

Social Gospel group worked to better Social Gospel group worked to better conditions in cities through charity and conditions in cities through charity and justice.justice.


Baptist minister Walter Rauschenbusch Baptist minister Walter Rauschenbusch later led the movement.later led the movement. He believed that competition was the He believed that competition was the

cause of many social problems.cause of many social problems. This led to many churches taking on This led to many churches taking on

community functions to improve society by community functions to improve society by offering:offering:

GymsGyms Social ProgramsSocial Programs Day CareDay Care


Dwight L. Moody was an evangelical Dwight L. Moody was an evangelical Christian and president of the Chicago Christian and president of the Chicago YMCA.YMCA. He founded his own church and by 1867 He founded his own church and by 1867

Moody was so popular that he brought his Moody was so popular that he brought his revival meetings to other cities.revival meetings to other cities.

He was against Social Darwinism and the He was against Social Darwinism and the Social Gospel:Social Gospel:

He felt the way to help the poor was by He felt the way to help the poor was by redeeming their souls and not by providing them redeeming their souls and not by providing them with services.with services.


The settlement house movement was The settlement house movement was promoted by reformers who felt it promoted by reformers who felt it was their Christian duty to improve was their Christian duty to improve the living conditions of the poor.the living conditions of the poor. Jane Addams set up settlement houses Jane Addams set up settlement houses

in poor neighborhoods:in poor neighborhoods: Medical Care Medical Care Recreation ProgramsRecreation Programs English ClassesEnglish Classes

Public EducationPublic Education

In the late 1880’s, the increase of In the late 1880’s, the increase of industry resulted in a need for better industry resulted in a need for better trained workers:trained workers: As a result, there was a need for more As a result, there was a need for more

school and colleges.school and colleges.

Public EducationPublic Education Americanization, or becoming Americanization, or becoming

knowledgeable about American culture, knowledgeable about American culture, was key to the success of immigrant was key to the success of immigrant children.children. Due to the lack of educational opportunities Due to the lack of educational opportunities

for African Americans, Booker T. for African Americans, Booker T. Washington, led the crusade to form the Washington, led the crusade to form the Tuskegee institute in Alabama in 1881.Tuskegee institute in Alabama in 1881.

The grammar school system in the city The grammar school system in the city divided students into 8 separate grades to divided students into 8 separate grades to help teach successful habits in the help teach successful habits in the workplace.workplace.

Public EducationPublic Education

The number of colleges greatly The number of colleges greatly increased in the late 1800’s:increased in the late 1800’s: This was partly a result of the Morrill Land This was partly a result of the Morrill Land

Grant Act, which gave federal land grants Grant Act, which gave federal land grants to states for the purposes of establishing to states for the purposes of establishing agricultural and mechanical colleges.agricultural and mechanical colleges. College attendance increased College attendance increased The number of Women’s colleges also increased.The number of Women’s colleges also increased. Free libraries provided education to city Free libraries provided education to city

dwellers.dwellers.

chapter 15 urban america section 1: immigration. europeans flood into the united states (pages...

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