chapter 15 summary (powerpoint)

Chapter

Ninth Edition

America: Past and Present

America: Past and Present, Ninth EditionDivine • Breen • Frederickson • Williams • Gross • Brands

Copyright ©2011, ©2007, ©2006 by Pearson Education, Inc.All rights reserved.

Secession and Secession and the Civil Warthe Civil War

15



The Storm Gathers

• Election of Lincoln caused seven states to leave union

• Secession of seven states does not necessarily mean war

• One last attempt to reconcile North and South

• Federal response to secession debated• In order for war, compromise must fail and

military action must be taken



The Deep South Secedes

• December 1860: South Carolina first to secede

• February, 1861: Confederate States of America formed– Included South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,

Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas



Secession



The Deep South Secedes

• Government headed by moderates • Confederate constitution similar to U.S. except:• Restrictions on the finance of internal improvements• Weak central government• Guarantee of slavery• Prohibition of protective tariffs• Protection of slavery in the territories• Aim to restore country as it was before Republican Party • Southerners hope to attract Northern states into

Confederacy



The Failure of Compromise

• Crittenden Plan: Extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific

• Lincoln rejects compromise– Does not think it will end secession – Viewed as repudiation of majority rule



And the War Came

• North seeks action to preserve Union• Lincoln – maintain federal authority without provoking

war with South• Lincoln wants South to be responsible for starting war• April 1861: First shots fired at Fort Sumter, (Charleston)

S.C., falls• April–May: Upper South secedes after violence • Border states remain in union – local Unionism and

federal intervention• Attack on Fort Sumter unites North • War defined as struggle to preserve Union



Adjusting to Total War

• North must win by destroying will to resist• Total War: a test of societies, economies,

political systems as well as armies• Lincoln called for 75,000 troops for 90

days



Resources of the Union andthe Confederacy, 1861



Prospects, Plans, and Expectations

• Southern advantages: fight in familiar, friendly terrain, better generals

• South adopts defensive strategy • Northern advantages: industrial superiority,

larger population, more natural resources, superior railroad system

• Lincoln adopts two-front strategy: – Capture Confederate capitol, Richmond, VA– Seize control of the Mississippi River– Deploy navy to blockade Southern ports



Overview of Civil War Strategy



Mobilizing the Home Fronts

• In beginning – more troops than needed• 1862: North and South begin conscription

(draft) • Northern mobilization

– Finance war through taxes, bonds, paper money

– Private industry supplies Union armies well



Mobilizing the Home Fronts

• South moves capital to Richmond, Virginia• South goes to war in a mood of optimism

and jubilation• During war, South had food shortages • Government arsenals supply Confederate

armies– Efforts to finance lead to runaway inflation– Transportation system inadequate



Political Leadership: Northern Success and Southern Failure• Lincoln and Davis learned that conduct of the war

required active, executive leadership• Lincoln expands wartime powers (individual freedoms vs

security of all)– Declares martial law – Imprisons 10,000 “subversives” without trial– Suspended writ of Habeas Corpus– Briefly closes down a few newspapers

• Jefferson Davis appears weak – Concerned mainly with military duties – Neglects homefront problems, economy – planters refuse to

grow food instead of cotton– Lacks influence with state governments



Early Campaigns and Battles

• Northern achievements by 1862– Total naval supremacy– Confederate troops cleared from West

Virginia, Kentucky, much of Tennessee– New Orleans captured

• Confederate achievements by 1862• - First Battle of Bull Run won by South

– Stall campaign for the Mississippi at Shiloh– Defend Richmond from capture



Civil War, 1861–1862



The Diplomatic Struggle

• England – South thinks the need for cotton will make England

and France form alliances in war • France: Confederacy not recognized unless

England does so first• Policy of “King Cotton” has little influence on

foreign policy of other nations• Union goal – prevent England and France from

becoming allies to the South• King Cotton Diplomacy Fails



The Coming of Emancipation

• Antietam is bloodiest battle of war and prompts Emancipation Proclamation

• 1863: Proclamation put into effect for areas still in rebellion – freed only slaves in the Confederacy – committed the North to abolishing slavery

• Used as weapon against South’s economic system

• African Americans flee to Union lines• Confederacy loses thousands of laborers



African Americansand the War

• 200,000 African American Union troops serve in segregated unions

• Many others labor in Northern war effort• Lincoln pushes further for black rights• Blacks receive less pay doing heavy labor

and make contribution to North’s victory



The Tide Turns

• May, 1863: War-weariness– New York riots against draft turned violent– Riots caused by racial prejudice and class conflict– Wealthy in North and South can avoid military by

providing a substitute (Enrollment Act)– Anti-war activists like Congressman Clement

Vallandigham arrested– Grant bogged down at Vicksburg – Union defeated at Chancellorsville– Democrats “Copperheads” militant antiwar activists

who oppose Lincoln



The Tide Turns

• July, 1863– Confederate invasion of North fails at Battle of

Gettysburg– Vicksburg falls and give Union control of the

Mississippi River



Last Stages of the Conflict

• March 9, 1864: Grant made supreme commander of Union armies

• Grant is most effective Union general• Union invades the South on all fronts

– William Sherman marches through Georgia and destroys everything of economic and military value

– Grant lays siege to Richmond, Petersburg• September - Sherman takes Atlanta• November - Lincoln re-elected because of

Northern victories



Election of 1864

Candidate Party Popular Vote Electoral Vote

Lincoln Republican 2,213,655 212McClellan Democratic 1,805,237 21

*Out of a total of 233 electoral votes. The eleven secessionist states—Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, NorthCarolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia—did not vote.



Civil War, 1863–1865



Last Stages of the Conflict

• Sherman’s March to the sea through Georgia

• “Scorched earth” policy• April 1865: Grant takes Richmond • April 1865: Lee surrenders at Appomattox

Courthouse, Va • April 14, 1865: Lincoln assassinated• April 18, 1865: Last major Confederate

force under Joseph Johnston surrenders



Effects of the War

• 620,000 troops dead• Nation paid an enormous human and

economic cost• Women seek non-domestic roles• Four million African Americans free, not

equal• The South became poorer while the North

tended to prosper



Casualties of War



Effects of the War

• Federal government supreme over states• Federal government takes activist role in

the economy– Higher tariffs, free land, national banking

system



An Organizational Revolution

• Modern bureaucratic state emerges• Individualism gives way to organized,

cooperative activity• Catalyst for transformation of American

society in the late nineteenth century

chapter 15 summary (powerpoint)

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