chapter 15-second sino-japanese war (tim, austin, rahil)

7/31/2019 Chapter 15-Second Sino-Japanese War (Tim, Austin, Rahil)

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Second Sino Japanese War

July 7, 1937 September 2, 1945

IB Americas HL, Per. 5

Austin Lee, Rahil Shah, Timothy Huynh


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Leadership

Republic of China

KMT: Chiang Kai Shek

Gen. Chen Cheng

Gen. Ma Bufang

Gen. Zhang Xueliang

And many others

CCP: Mao Zedong

Gen. Zhu De

Gen. Zhou Enlai

USA: Franklin D. Roosevelt

Gen. Joseph Stilwell

Col. Claire Chennault

Empire of Japan

Emperor Hirohito

Prince Yashuhiko Asaka Chief of Staff Kanin Kotohito

Gen. Korechika Anami

Gen. Toshizo Nishio

And many others


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Theater of War


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Timeline Prewar Events

Sept 18, 1931: Mukden Incident

Sept 19, 1931: Invasion of Manchuria

Jan 28, 1932: Shanghai Incident

Jan 1, 1933: Defense of the Great Wall

Dec 12, 1936: Formation of the United

Front

Phase I: 1937-1939

July 7, 1937: Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Aug 13, 1937: Battle of Shanghai

Sept 1, 1937: Battle of Taiyuan Oct 9, 1937: Battle of Nanjing

Dec 1937-Jan1938: Rape of Nanjing

June 11, 1938: Battle of Wuhan

Winter Offensive

Phase II: 1940-1942

Aug 20, 1940: Hundred Regiments

Offensive

Nov 25, 1940: Central Hubei

Operation

March 14, 1941: Battle of Shanggao

March 1942: Battle of Yunnan-BurmaRoad

May 1942: Zhejian-Jiangxi Campaign

Phase III: 1943-1945

May 12, 1943: Battle of W. Hubei

Nov 2, 1943: Battle of Chengde

April 19, 1944: Ichi-Go

April 9, 1945: Battle of W. Hunan

August 4, 1945: 2nd Guangxi

Campgaign


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Japanese Imperialism

Greater East-Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere

The Showa era tried to unite Japan, Korea,China, Manchukuo, Burma, India, Philippines

and Thailand into single, economic bloc A yen bloc in the Far East as opposed to the

sterling bloc in the Middle East and the

dollar zones in S. America Rejected Western influences (Imperialism)

The Asian equivalent of the Monroe Doctrine


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Japanese Imperialism, Contd

Was really a thinly veiled attempt by Japan to

establish a European-like empire

Believed that the Yamato people (the

Japanese) were superior because the

Mainlanders had allowed themselves to be

colonized by the Westerners

Liberated countries and used their resources

to fuel their war machine.


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Beginnings of Tension

First Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

Qing Dynasty (Manchus) were defeated

Chosun Dynasty in Korea becomes part ofJapanese sphere of Influence

Qing Dynasty also cedes Taiwan, Penghu

Islands and Liaodong Peninsula (a footholdinto Manchuria)


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Beginnings of Tensions, Contd

Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905)

Russian loss

Japan gains use of railway systems inManchuria, enabling access to strategic

resources

Russia and Japan vacate Manchuria and returnsovereignty to China


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Summary

Winning First Sino-Japanese War and Russo-Japanese War catapault Japan as a worldpower

Manchuria is now a power vacuum andcontains large amounts of strategic resources:mineral and coal mines, plenty of arablefarmland

The conditions are perfect for Japanesedominance in the Far East


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20th Century Developments

Oct. 10, 1911: Wuchang Uprising

Kuomintang (KMT) overthrow the Qing

Dynasty

Establish the REPUBLIC OF CHINA on Jan. 1,

1912

Next two decades are spent trying to unify

China from the warlords and to eliminate the

Communists


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Mukden Incident

September 18, 1931

Plotted by Col. Itagaki, Lt. Col. Ishiwara, Col.

Doihara and Maj. Tanaka

A bomb was placed next to a railway owned

by South Manchuria Railway in Mukden (now

Shenyang)

Was supposed to attract Chinese troops who

could then be blamed as a pretext for invasion


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Invasion of Manchuria

Sept. 19, 1931

Japanese open fire on Chinese garrison as a

response to the attack

Warlord Zhang Xueliang was instructed by the

Nationalist govt not to resist but Gen. Ma

Zhanshan begins a resistance in November,

but Manchuria is ultimately conquered in 5

months.


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Invasion of Manchuria, Contd

Japanese High Command was unaware of the

officers plans and later sanctioned them

Meanwhile, the KMT was dealing with internal

issues and unable to respond to the invasion

properly

Issued a strong protest to the Japanese

govt and called upon the League of Nations

to resolve the issue


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Result of the Invasion

LoN issues a resolution demanding the

withdrawal of Japanese troops

Japan rejects the resolution and pursues

negotiations with KMT which end up failing

March, 1932: the puppet state Manchukuo is

established with Puyi as the head of state

As a direct result of Japanese aggressions, theKMT and Communists agreed to a truce for their

Civil War and create the United Front


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Phase I

Chinas economy was still incredibly weakcompared to Japans and unprepared for totalwar

KMT was more worried about the Communiststhan the Japanese

Hoped that the LoN would intervene and mediate

Chiang realized that the only way to securesupport from the Allies was to show that theycould put up a fight against the Japanese, hencethe significance of Battle of Shanghai


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Phase I, contd

Chinese military decided to trade space for

time

Tried to delay the Japanese as long as possible

so that professionals and industries vital to

the war effort could be moved to the west

Implemented scorched earth tactics, leaving

nothing behind that could be used for the

Japanese war machine


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Phase II and III

Designed to keep the Japanese fromadvancing as much as possible

Chinese would exhaust Japanese resources

while building up their own to launch acounter-offensive

Guerilla groups behind enemy lines were

organized by the KMT and Communists Eventually, the United Front fragmented due

to ideological infighting


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Phase II and III, cotd

During this time, volunteer and foreign aidgroups assisted the Chinese military bydirectly fighting (like the Flying Tigers) or by

finding support from the US, UK, etc. The Japanese committed the vast majority of

their war crimes in this period in response toChinese guerilla groups (Three Alls policy) andthe US entrance to WWII

Final surrender on Sept. 9, 1945


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Flying Tigers

1st American Volunteer Group, led by Col.

Claire Chennault

The onlyuseful air force for the Chinese

Protected the essential supply lines from

Burma and India

Protected Chinese bases

Trained Chinese pilots

Noted for their shark-faced fighters


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Japanese War Crimes

More brutal than Nazis

Ranged from using human test subjects to vivisectionsto torture to slave labor

Three Alls policy: Kill All, Burn All, Loot All Mass killings of POWs and civilians were common

Unit 731: conducted biological experiments on humansincluding vivisection, bioweaponry, amputations, etc.

Rape of Nanjing: the city was subjected to a six-weeklong period of mass murder, mass rape, mass lootingand mass destruction


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Results of War

Accounted for over 50% of all WWIIs Pacific

Theater casualties

Chinese casualties: over 3 million combatants

dead (nearly all of which were KMT), 22

million civilian casualties

Japanese casualties: over 1.5 million

combatants dead

Millions displaced, billions in damage


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Results of War, contd

Returned Manchuria and Formosa to ROC

control

Sino-Japanese relations still are tense due to

the war

Massive casualties and wartime practices of

the KMT led to their eventual demise and

defeat by the CCP


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Interesting facts

Large numbers of Chinese Muslims foughtagainst the Japanese and eventually declareda jihad

Western China was home to several clashesbetween the Soviet Union and pro-KMTwarlords

The ferocity of the fighting in China severelysapped Japanese strength in the Pacific, aidingthe Allied advances

chapter 15-second sino-japanese war (tim, austin, rahil)

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