chapter 15: civil war 1861-1865 essential question: how did people, places, and things affect the...

CHAPTER 15: CIVIL WAR1861-1865

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: How did people, places, and things affect the outcome of the Civil War?

TEKS 8C: Calculate percent composition and empirical and molecular formulas.

• border state – a slave state that did not secede

• emancipate – to set free

Terms and People


Some people think Lincoln’s dismissal caused more southern states to secede.

After the attack on Fort Sumter, President Lincoln asked states to send troops to end what he called a “rebellion.” It did not appear that he thought the conflict would get bigger.

The western counties of Virginia refused to secede. These joined the Union as the state of West Virginia.


A key question for both sides was whether the border states would side with the Union or the Confederacy.

Possession of the border states was critical because it meant control of the Ohio and Mississippi rivers.


Four border states did not secede:

Delaware Delaware supported the Union.

Kentucky Kentucky started out neutral. After it was invaded by southern troops, Kentucky supported the Union.

Missouri President Lincoln used force to keep Missouri in the Union.

Maryland Lincoln placed Maryland under martial law to keep it in the Union.


a larger population

more acres of farmland

more factories

more railroad tracks

The North was confident that it would win the war by taking advantage of its resources. These included:

The North was able to field, feed, and equip larger armies.


The Union had an advantage over the Confederacy in resources.


On the other hand, the South had the advantage of land. If the North wanted to seize southern land, northern troops would have to invade unfamiliar areas.

Also, the South had more experienced leaders. Three generals, including Robert E. Lee, had resigned from the U.S. Army to help the South.


The North planned a multipart strategy to defeat the South.

• Blockade southern ports.

• Seize Richmond.

• Gain control of the Mississippi River and split the South in two.


The South had a simpler strategy.

They also sought help from Britain and other European nations that relied on the South for cotton.

Southerners believed that they only needed to defend their land until the northern armies got tired of fighting.


Many of these soldiers were young and inexperienced.

When the Civil War began, thousands of soldiers volunteered for the Union and

Confederate armies. Many families were divided.

Both sides had their plans, but challenges presented themselves at every turn.


Life in an army camp was harsh. Soldiers faced boredom, disease, and even death.

The camps were dirty and lacked clean water.

Captured soldiers faced harsh conditions.

Many soldiers died from outbreaks of disease.

Thousands died from starvation or exposure in crowded prison camps.


Because many soldiers were

unskilled, Union General Irvin

McDowell wanted time to train his men.

However, in the North,

newspapers called for a quick end to the war.

Union soldiers marched toward Richmond.

During the First Battle of Bull Run, Confederate General “Stonewall” Jackson and his men held firm.


During the battle, inexperienced Union soldiers panicked and then retreated. The Confederates were too exhausted to pursue them.

Bull Run was an early sign that the war would be long and costly for both sides.


The document freed slaves in areas that were

fighting the Union.

The Union had no power in these places.

Few slaves were freed at first.

After the Battle at Shiloh, On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation.


Lincoln’s proclamation did not apply to the border states or to areas under Union control.


The proclamation was both criticized and praised.

Abolitionists said it should be applied throughout the country

White southerners said Lincoln was trying to start a slave revolt.

Union soldiers supported it because it weakened the South.


The Emancipation Proclamation had important effects.

Britain did not

support the South.

The Civil War

became a struggle for

freedom.

African Americans united in

support of the war.

Effects of the Proclamation


Following the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union allowed African Americans to serve in the military.


African American soldiers faced extra risks.

African Americans captured in the South became slaves again or were killed.

Many soldiers were former slaves who had escaped or were freed during the war.

When they were captured, they were not treated as prisoners of war.


Also, black and white soldiers were not treated as equals.

• African American soldiers served in all-black army regiments under white officers.

• The black soldiers earned less pay than the white soldiers.


The most famous battle in which African Americans participated occurred at Fort Wagner.

Although the Union force was overpowered, they fought bravely.

Many African Americans also supported the Union cause as army cooks, wagon drivers, and hospital aides.


In the South, many enslaved African Americans did what they could to hurt the Confederates.

Working slowly

Damaging equipment

Giving information to Union armies


After the war, the Thirteenth Amendment banned slavery throughout the nation.

The Emancipation Proclamation changed the focus of the Civil War and, thus, the future of the United States.

The fight was now about abolishing slavery.


The pain created by the Civil War did not only affect soldiers and slaves.

In the North and the South, men and women from all walks of life had to cope with the pains of war.


Not all northerners supported a war to end

slavery.

In addition to dividing the nation, the Civil War caused divisions within the North and South.

Not all white southerners supported a war to defend slavery or

secession.


In the South, support for the war varied from state to state.

Regions with large slaveholding plantations supported the war more than poor back-country regions.

Georgia and North Carolina opposed the war.

South Carolina objected to officers from other states leading its troops.


Northerners were also divided over the war.

Many opposed the

Emancipation Proclamation.

Some believed the South had

a right to secede.

Others blamed Lincoln and the Republicans for forcing the war.

Those who opposed the war were strongest in Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana.


Location Who Served Time

North White men ages 20 to 45 3 years

South White men ages 18 to 35 (later changed to 50)

3 years

Desertion was a major problem on both sides.

Both sides instituted a draft to meet the need for troops.


This led to violent riots in the North.

Both sides allowed draftees to hire substitutes to serve in their place. Wealthy people often avoided the draft.

Poor men could not avoid the draft.


The war was costly for both sides. The South was less able than the North to bear these costs.


The Union took two major steps to pay the costs of fighting the war.

Congress levied the first income

tax in August 1861.

The Union printed $400

million of paper money. This led to inflation, or a general rise in

prices.


Women on both sides contributed to the war by:

• joining the armies

• becoming spies behind enemy lines

• taking over businesses and farms

• working in factories

The war gave women the opportunity to take on careers from which they had been excluded, such as teaching.


Two key battles in 1863 turned the tide of the war for the Union—Gettysburg and Vicksburg.


General Lee lost nearly one-third of his troops in the three-day battle.

The first decisive battle took place in the tiny town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.

The battle started when Union soldiers discovered Confederates raiding a shoe factory.


The South also suffered a major loss in Vicksburg.

Residents hid in caves and ate rats to keep from starving.

In July 1863, the Confederates gave up.

For six weeks, Grant laid siege to the town.


In November 1863, 15,000 people gathered at Gettysburg to honor the soldiers who died there.

In his Gettysburg Address, Lincoln looked ahead to a final Union victory.

“We here highly resolve that . . . this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom.”

Gettysburg Address


In 1864, President Lincoln gave command of all Union forces to General Ulysses S. Grant.

Grant’s huge army began hammering at the Confederates in a series of battles.

The Confederates under Lee began running out of men and supplies, but Grant had a steady stream of both.


Meanwhile, General William Tecumseh Sherman led another Union army toward Atlanta.

Sherman was a tough soldier who believed in total war.

Sherman’s troops captured Atlanta, and Sherman ordered it to be burned.


This is known as Sherman’s March to the Sea.

From Atlanta, they moved east, destroying everything in their path.


On April 9, 1865, General Lee surrendered at Appomattox Court House.

The Confederates had only to give up their weapons and leave in peace.

Grant offered Lee generous terms.


The Civil War was the bloodiest conflict the United States has ever fought with over half a million lives lost.


The Civil War had two key results.

It reunited the nation.

It put an end to slavery.

However, African Americans did not begin to experience full freedom for another 100 years.

chapter 15: civil war 1861-1865 essential question: how did people, places, and things affect the...

Documents

percent composition

molecular formulas

southern states

border states

southern troops

southern land

civil war chapter

advantage of land