chapter 14 part 4 the impact of the reformation on women and the counter reformation
TRANSCRIPT
Protestant Women Luther: a woman’s place is in the
home…that’s why God gave her a wide fundament to sit upon!
Luther DID promote the idea that all of us had a special calling to our occupations…so all women had a calling to be home makers
Calvin believed in the subjugation of women to preserve moral order
Marriage
Protestant churches had greater official control over marriage than the Catholic church did
Protestant suppressed common law marriages
Catholic governments followed the Protestant example
Marriage
Marriage became more companionate…emphasis on love
Luther and his wife, Katerina von Bora, served as a good example of a companionate marriage
Luther: sex to be enjoyed Catholic Church: sex only for
procreation
Increased women’s literacy
The emphasis on all being able to read the Bible worked in favor of increased women’s education
Religion was the most appropriate subject for women to study
Women were expected to teach their children so
Schools for girls appeared
Philip Melanchthon
…Confessions of Augsburg guy
Played a huge role in establishing schools for girls in the Protestant German states
BUT Protestant women did not have the opportunity the Catholic women had in terms of serving the Church
Status of Women
Continued to diminish Women gradually lost rights to
manage their own property or to make legal transactions in their own name
Catholic Women
Continued opportunities to serve the Church through religious orders
Angela Merici : founded the Ursuline order of nuns in the 1530’s to provide education and religious training for girls
Wanted to combat heresy through Christian education
Order was approved by Pope Paul III in 1544
Much activity in France and the New World
Catholic Women
Teresa de Avila (Spanish) Leader in the reform movement for monasteries and convents
Believed that an individual could have a direct relationship with God through prayer and contemplation
Had visions of saints
The Catholic Reformationand Counter Reformation
Two movements at first but merged by 1560
Catholic Reformation began with Pope Julius II in 1517 with the Laterine Council: To clarify Catholic doctrine. Produced the doctrine of Transubstantiation
(Hus) and continued with Adrian VI (unusual Dutch Pope)
Counter Reformation: a reaction to Protestantism: how to bring ‘em back to the Catholic Church
Pope Paul III
Was the most important Pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism
Was not interested in new doctrines but in improving existing doctrines to improve Church discipline
Goal was twofold: to respond to critics within the Church regarding Church abuses AND to respond to the gains of Protestantism
Outcomes of the Council of Trent
1. Equal validity of Scripture, Church traditions, and writings of Church fathers
2. Salvation by good works and faith3. All 7 sacraments valid4. Transubstantiation was reaffirmed5. Monasticism, celibacy of clergy,
and purgatory were reaffirmed
Outcomes of Trent
6. Approved the Index of Forbidden Books
Books that supported Protestantism or that were overly critical of the Church (like those of Erasmus) were banned from Catholic countries
Severe punishments for anyone possessing a book on the list
More outcomes…
7. Church reforms: abuses in the sale of indulgences, sale of Church offices curtailed
8. Bishops given more control over clergy: were callings genuine?
9. Seminaries established to train priests
10. Valid marriages were public marriages
11. Established the Papal Inquisition (in the Papal States, parts of Italy. 6 Cardinals given full powers
New Religious Orders
1540 The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) Founder: Ignatious Loyola Organized order in military fashion
Spiritual Exercises used to train Jesuits
3 Goals: Reform the Church through education Preach Gospel to pagan peoples Fight Protestantism
The Jesuits
Beginning in 1542 oversaw the Italian and the Spanish Inquisition
In Spain: persecution of Moriscos and Christian Jews who were suspected of “Backsliding”
In Italy: Pope Paul IV issued a Papal Bull accusing the Jews of killing Christ and ordering that Jews be placed in Ghettos in Papal states
The persecution of Jews increased all over Europe
Eastern Europe
Remained Catholic as well as Southern German States, Spain, Portugal, 10 of the 17 provinces of the Netherlands (now Belgium), Italy
Jesuit schools among the finest in Europe
Results of the Reformation
Western European Christian Unity was shattered
BUT religious enthusiasm was rekindled
Church abuses were finally curtailed
Religious wars to follow
The rise of Baroque Art (began as part of the Catholic Reformation
Baroque Art
Began as part of the Catholic Reformation
To teach and demonstrate in an (emotional way) the awesome glory and power of the Catholic Church
Was encouraged by the Papacy, the Jesuits
Was big in France, Flanders, Austria, S. Germany and Poland
Later spread to Protestant countries and regions
Baroque Art
Tried to overwhelm the viewer Emphasized grandeur, emotion,
movement, spaciousness and unity surrounding a certain theme
Was literally HUGE Will later be used by monarchs to
emphasize THEIR power and glory (Louis XIV & Versailles)
Architecture and Sculpture
Bernini (1598-1650) baroque architect and sculptor Emotion AND motion
Many fountains throughout Rome The Colonnade in front of St. Peter’s
Basilica in Rome (his greatest architectural achievement)
The Canopy over the high altar of St. Peter’s
The Ecstasy of St. Teresa his altarpiece evokes tremendous emotion
Baroque painting
Broad areas of light and shadow Color: more true to nature Concerned with overall dynamic
effect: not so concerned with clarity of detail
Designed to give the viewer a spontaneous personal experience
Carvaggio (Roman) 1571-1610
First important Baroque painter Highly emotional scenes Sharp contrasts of light and dark for
dramatic effect Sometimes used ordinary people for
models for Biblical scenes (and was criticized for it)
Peter Paul Reubens (Flemish)
1577-1640 Worked for the Hapsburg court in
Brussels (the capital of the Spanish Netherlands)
Emphasized color and sensuality Animated figures, melodramatic,
huge About one half of his work dealt with
Christian subjects Was known for his sensual nudes,
Saints, Angels, Roman Goddesses, Water Nymphs