chapter 14: kinesiology. copyright ©2004 by thomson delmar learning. all rights reserved. 2 the...

Chapter 14:

Kinesiology

Copyright ©2004 by Thomson Delmar Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 2

The Anatomical Planes

Movements and descriptions of the body use anatomical planes as references.


Anatomical Plane Definitions

Coronal (Frontal): A vertical plane running from side to side, dividing the body into anterior and posterior portions

Sagittal (Lateral): A vertical plane running from front to back, dividing the body into left and right portions


Anatomical Plane Definitions (cont.)

Axial (Transverse): A horizontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portions (see text Figure 14-12)


Directional Terms

Medial is toward the midline; lateral is away from the midline

Proximal refers to nearest to the trunk; distal is farthest away from the trunk

Inferior means below; superior means above


Directional Terms (cont.)

Cephalad or cranial means toward the head; caudad or caudal is toward the tailbone

Anterior is toward the front; posterior is toward the back


Articular System

A series of joints that allow movement of the human body

Joints provide two main functions: motion and stability

There are three classifications: synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses


Synarthroses

A joint that lacks a synovial cavity and is held closely together by fibrous connective tissue

An immovable joint Three structural types: sutures,

syndesmoses, and gomphoses


Amphiarthroses

Type of joint in which bones are connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

A slightly movable joint


Diarthroses

A type of joint that connects bones by hyaline cartilage separated by a joint cavity

Freely movable joints Six different types: pivot, gliding,

hinge, condyloid, ball-and-socket, and saddle


Movements of Diarthroses

Ranges of motion vary from a single direction to complete motion in three dimensions.


Flexion and Extension

Flexion decreases and extension increases the angle between bones.


Abduction and Adduction

With abduction, a limb moves away from the midline. Moving a limb toward the midline is called adduction.


Rotation

Rotation describes bones that turn around their axes, either toward, away from, or around the midline.


Circumduction

With circumduction, an entire limb or portion of a limb moves in a circle around an axis.


Supination and Pronation

Supination is the turning of the palm upward; pronation turns the palm downward. The foot performs similar movements, but not as completely.


Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion

The foot is extended with toes pointing downward in plantar flexion.

The foot is flexed with the toes upward toward the lower leg in dorsiflexion.


Inversion and Eversion

With inversion, the sole of the foot is turned inward; eversion turns it outward.


Protraction and Retraction

Protraction refers to moving a body part forward, and retraction backward, within a transverse plane.


Elevation and Depression

Elevation is lifting a body part upward, and depression is moving a body part downward, along a frontal plane.


Opposition

Opposition describes movement of the thumb to touch the tips of the other fingers.

chapter 14: kinesiology. copyright ©2004 by thomson delmar learning. all rights reserved. 2 the...

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