CHAPTER 14CHAPTER 14

A NEW SPIRIT OF CHANGEA NEW SPIRIT OF CHANGE

SECTION 1 - THE HOPES OF SECTION 1 - THE HOPES OF IMMIGRANTSIMMIGRANTS

•DefineDefine– emigrant - people who leave emigrant - people who leave

countrycountry– immigrant - people who enter a immigrant - people who enter a

countrycountry– steerage - cheapest deck on a steerage - cheapest deck on a

ship - filthy and illness or deathship - filthy and illness or death

Briefly explain each Push FactorBriefly explain each Push Factor– Population growth -better food and Population growth -better food and

sanitation caused overcrowding in sanitation caused overcrowding in EuropeEurope

– agricultural changesagricultural changes• make more money selling to citiesmake more money selling to cities• forced tenants off land to use to plots forced tenants off land to use to plots

to make moneyto make money– crop failurescrop failures

• poor harvests - unable to pay debtspoor harvests - unable to pay debts• hunger caused people to emigratehunger caused people to emigrate

– Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

• goods became cheaper than those goods became cheaper than those produced by artisansproduced by artisans

• some took factory jobs - others emigratedsome took factory jobs - others emigrated– Religious and political turmoilReligious and political turmoil

• Quakers and Jews left to avoid religious Quakers and Jews left to avoid religious persecutionpersecution

• Germans came after a failed revolution in Germans came after a failed revolution in GermanyGermany

PULL FACTORSPULL FACTORS

• Freedom - everyone has the freedom to practice the Freedom - everyone has the freedom to practice the teaching and religion he prefersteaching and religion he prefers

• Economic opportunityEconomic opportunity– looking for a land where they could support their looking for a land where they could support their

families and have a better futurefamilies and have a better future– immigration varied depending on U.S. economyimmigration varied depending on U.S. economy

• Abundant landAbundant land– Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession - lots of Louisiana Purchase and Mexican Cession - lots of

landland– land-starved Europeans saw as a land of opportunityland-starved Europeans saw as a land of opportunity

SCANDINANVIANSSCANDINANVIANS

• Where did they settle?Where did they settle?– regions like Midwest, especially Minnesota regions like Midwest, especially Minnesota

and Wisconsinand Wisconsin

• Why did they settle thereWhy did they settle there– lakes, forests, and cold winters like their lakes, forests, and cold winters like their

homelandhomeland– became farmersbecame farmers

GERMANSGERMANS

• Where did they settle?Where did they settle?– Midwest - Wisconsin, Texas and citiesMidwest - Wisconsin, Texas and cities

• Why did they settle there?Why did they settle there?– Wisconsin - could grow oats and Catholic Wisconsin - could grow oats and Catholic

bishopbishop

– Texas - brought land from German nobles Texas - brought land from German nobles and founded Fredericksburgand founded Fredericksburg

– Cities - businesses as bakers, butchers, Cities - businesses as bakers, butchers, carpenters, printers, shoemakers and tailorscarpenters, printers, shoemakers and tailors

– John Jacob Bausch and Henry Lomb - John Jacob Bausch and Henry Lomb - world's largest lens makerworld's largest lens maker

– Jews - salespeople who brought pins, Jews - salespeople who brought pins, needles, pots and news to frontier homes and needles, pots and news to frontier homes and mining campsmining camps

IrishIrish– Where did they settle?Where did they settle?

• City dwellersCity dwellers– Why did they settle there?Why did they settle there?

• few skills and had to take low-paying, back-breaking jobsfew skills and had to take low-paying, back-breaking jobs

• women took in washingwomen took in washing

• men built canals and railroadsmen built canals and railroads– Why did they come?Why did they come?

• Irish Catholics could not vote, hold office, own land or go to Irish Catholics could not vote, hold office, own land or go to schoolschool

• famine - no potatoes - no food - forced to emigratefamine - no potatoes - no food - forced to emigrate

OVERCROWDING OF CITIESOVERCROWDING OF CITIES

• New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati's population New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati's population grew greatly in small number of yearsgrew greatly in small number of years

• ProblemsProblems– not enough housingnot enough housing– landlords squeezed large apartment buildings landlords squeezed large apartment buildings

in small lotsin small lots– cramped living quarters lacked sunshine and cramped living quarters lacked sunshine and

fresh airfresh air– outdoor toilets overflowed causing diseaseoutdoor toilets overflowed causing disease– crime flourishedcrime flourished

• City ProblemsCity Problems– New York no public police forceNew York no public police force– only a volunteer fire departmentonly a volunteer fire department– 138 miles of sewers for 500 mils of streets138 miles of sewers for 500 mils of streets

• Immigrant groups set up societies to help Immigrant groups set up societies to help newcomers and politicians offered help in newcomers and politicians offered help in exchange for votesexchange for votes

OPPOSITION TO IMMIGRATIONOPPOSITION TO IMMIGRATION

• PrejudicePrejudice– a negative opinion that is not based on factsa negative opinion that is not based on facts– native-born Americans feared that immigrants native-born Americans feared that immigrants

were to foreign to learn American ways.were to foreign to learn American ways.– some feared that immigrants might come to some feared that immigrants might come to

outnumber nativesoutnumber natives– Some Protestants feared that Catholics Some Protestants feared that Catholics

threatened democracythreatened democracy

• NativistsNativists

– native-born Americans who wanted to native-born Americans who wanted to eliminate foreign influenceeliminate foreign influence

• refused to hire immigrantsrefused to hire immigrants

• promised to not vote for any Catholics promised to not vote for any Catholics or immigrants running for political or immigrants running for political officeoffice

• Know-Nothing PartyKnow-Nothing Party

– started by nativistsstarted by nativists

– wanted to an Catholics and the wanted to an Catholics and the foreign-born from holding officeforeign-born from holding office

– called for a cut in immigration and 21-called for a cut in immigration and 21-year wait to become an American year wait to become an American citizencitizen

– disappeared when north and south disappeared when north and south branches couldn't agree on slaverybranches couldn't agree on slavery

What were the push-pull factors that led to immigration?• How did the arrival of so many immigrants affect U.S. cities?• What was the Know-Nothing Party, and what was its point of view about immigration?

SECTION 2SECTION 2AMERICAN LITERATURE AMERICAN LITERATURE AND ARTAND ART

AMERICAN WRITERSAMERICAN WRITERS

• Romanticism – Romanticism – – stressed the individual, imagination, creativity, stressed the individual, imagination, creativity,

and emotion.and emotion.– Drew from natureDrew from nature

• James Fennimore Cooper – The Last of James Fennimore Cooper – The Last of the Mohicansthe Mohicans

• Frances Parkman – The Oregon TrailFrances Parkman – The Oregon Trail

• Noah WebsterNoah Webster– Published American Dictionary of the English Published American Dictionary of the English

LanguageLanguage– Gave American, not British, spellings and included Gave American, not British, spellings and included

American SlangAmerican Slang

• Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – Henry Wadsworth Longfellow – – Wrote many poems that retold stories from historyWrote many poems that retold stories from history– Paul Revere’s RidePaul Revere’s Ride

AMERICAN ARTISTSAMERICAN ARTISTS

• Hudson River SchoolHudson River School– Artists painted peaceful landscapes of mountains, Artists painted peaceful landscapes of mountains,

forests and riversforests and rivers– Paintings that conveyed the majesty of the American Paintings that conveyed the majesty of the American

LandscapeLandscape

• John James Audubon – sketched birds and John James Audubon – sketched birds and animals of his adopted countryanimals of his adopted country

• African AmericansAfrican Americans– Made beautiful baskets, quilts, and potteryMade beautiful baskets, quilts, and pottery– David Drake signed pottery he created.David Drake signed pottery he created.

WRITERS AND WORKWRITERS AND WORK

• Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson– Urged Americans to cast off European influence and Urged Americans to cast off European influence and

develop their own beliefsdevelop their own beliefs– Learn about life from self-examination and from Learn about life from self-examination and from

nature as well as booksnature as well as books

• Henry David ThoreauHenry David Thoreau– Believed people should live by their own Believed people should live by their own

individual standardsindividual standards– TranscendentalismTranscendentalism

• Taught that the spiritual world is more important Taught that the spiritual world is more important than the physical worldthan the physical world

• Taught people to find truth within themselves – Taught people to find truth within themselves – through feeling and intuitionthrough feeling and intuition

– Civil disobedienceCivil disobedience• Urged people not to obey laws they considered Urged people not to obey laws they considered

unjustunjust

• Peacefully refuse to obey lawsPeacefully refuse to obey laws

• Margaret Fuller – in magazine and Margaret Fuller – in magazine and book she argued for women’s rightsbook she argued for women’s rights

• Walt WhitmanWalt Whitman– Published Published Leaves of GrassLeaves of Grass– He and Dickinson shaped modern poetry He and Dickinson shaped modern poetry

by experimenting with languageby experimenting with language

• Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson– Wrote poems on pieces of paper that she Wrote poems on pieces of paper that she

sewed into bookletssewed into booklets– Subjects of God, nature, love and deathSubjects of God, nature, love and death– Most poems published after her death.Most poems published after her death.

• Edgar Allan Poe – terrifying tales Edgar Allan Poe – terrifying tales that influence today’s horror story that influence today’s horror story writers – first detective storywriters – first detective story

• Nathaniel Hawthorne – depicted Nathaniel Hawthorne – depicted love, guilt and revenge during love, guilt and revenge during Puritan times in Puritan times in The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter..

• Herman Melville – wrote Moby Dick Herman Melville – wrote Moby Dick about a man’s destructive desire to about a man’s destructive desire to kill a white whalekill a white whale

SECTION QUESTIONSECTION QUESTION

• What was romanticism and how did What was romanticism and how did Americans adapt it?Americans adapt it?

• • • What is civil disobedience and what What is civil disobedience and what did Thoreau do that is an example of it?did Thoreau do that is an example of it?

• • • How did the writers of the mid-1800s How did the writers of the mid-1800s shape modern literature?shape modern literature?

SECTION 3SECTION 3REFORMING AMERICAN REFORMING AMERICAN SOCIETYSOCIETY

REVIVALSREVIVALS

• Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening– Revival – a meeting to reawaken religious faithRevival – a meeting to reawaken religious faith– Circuit riders – preacher who rode from town to Circuit riders – preacher who rode from town to

town holding meetings in a tenttown holding meetings in a tent– Preachers said that anyone could choose Preachers said that anyone could choose

salvation and this appealed to equality-loving salvation and this appealed to equality-loving AmericansAmericans

– Charles Finney preached that “all sin consists in Charles Finney preached that “all sin consists in selfishness” and that religious faith led people to selfishness” and that religious faith led people to help others. – helped to awaken spirit of reformhelp others. – helped to awaken spirit of reform

TemperanceTemperance

• a campaign to stop the drinking of alcohola campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol

• Workers spent most of their wages on Workers spent most of their wages on alcohol – leaving families without enough alcohol – leaving families without enough money to live onmoney to live on

• Many women joined temperance movementMany women joined temperance movement

• Business owners joined because they Business owners joined because they needed workers who could keep schedules needed workers who could keep schedules and run machinesand run machines

• Alcohol made it hard for workers to do eitherAlcohol made it hard for workers to do either

WORKERS RIGHTSWORKERS RIGHTS

• Improvements in working conditionsImprovements in working conditions• Factory work was noisy, boring and unsafeFactory work was noisy, boring and unsafe• Labor union – a group of workers who Labor union – a group of workers who

band together to seek better working band together to seek better working conditions.conditions.

• Strike – stop working to demand better Strike – stop working to demand better conditionsconditions

• Workers called for shorter hours and Workers called for shorter hours and higher wageshigher wages

IMPROVING EDUCATIONIMPROVING EDUCATION

• Horace MannHorace Mann– Public education “the great equalizer”Public education “the great equalizer”– ““education creates or develops new treasureseducation creates or develops new treasures

—treasures never before possessed or —treasures never before possessed or dreamed of by any one”dreamed of by any one”

• Led to opening of public elementary and Led to opening of public elementary and high schoolshigh schools

• Led to opening of hundreds of private Led to opening of hundreds of private colleges.colleges.

• Women not allowed into collegesWomen not allowed into colleges– Elizabeth Blackwell first women to Elizabeth Blackwell first women to

obtain Medical Degree in U.S.obtain Medical Degree in U.S.

• African Americans faced obstaclesAfrican Americans faced obstacles– South illegal to teach an enslaved South illegal to teach an enslaved

person to readperson to read– North most public schools barred North most public schools barred

African-American childrenAfrican-American children– Colleges would only take 1 or 2 at a Colleges would only take 1 or 2 at a

time.time.

CARING FOR THE NEEDYCARING FOR THE NEEDY

• Dorethea DixDorethea Dix– A reformer who discovered women who A reformer who discovered women who

were locked in cold, filthy cells because were locked in cold, filthy cells because they were mentally illthey were mentally ill

– Found mentally ill received no treatment Found mentally ill received no treatment and were usually chained and beatenand were usually chained and beaten

– Through her efforts 32 new hospitals Through her efforts 32 new hospitals were built for mentally illwere built for mentally ill

• Thomas H. Gallaudet – opened the Thomas H. Gallaudet – opened the first American school for deaf first American school for deaf childrenchildren

• Samuel G. Howe – opened Perkins Samuel G. Howe – opened Perkins School for the Blind in BostonSchool for the Blind in Boston

• PrisonsPrisons– Debtors, lifelong criminals and child Debtors, lifelong criminals and child

offenders were put in the same cellsoffenders were put in the same cells– Reformers demanded that children go Reformers demanded that children go

to special schoolsto special schools– Called for rehabilitation of adult Called for rehabilitation of adult

prisonersprisoners

PUBLICATIONSPUBLICATIONS

• Penny PapersPenny Papers– Cheaper newsprint and invention of the steam-Cheaper newsprint and invention of the steam-

driven press lowered the price of a newspaper to driven press lowered the price of a newspaper to a pennya penny

– Carried serious news but also gripping stories of Carried serious news but also gripping stories of fires and crimefires and crime

• Ladies MagazinesLadies Magazines– Sarah Hale – used writing to support her familySarah Hale – used writing to support her family– Magazine advocated education for womenMagazine advocated education for women– Suggested that men and women were responsible Suggested that men and women were responsible

for different, but equally important, areas of lifefor different, but equally important, areas of life

IDEAL COMMUNITIESIDEAL COMMUNITIES

• Utopia – an ideal societyUtopia – an ideal society

• New Harmony, Indiana & Brook Farm New Harmony, Indiana & Brook Farm MassachusettsMassachusetts– Residents received food and other Residents received food and other

necessities in exchange for worknecessities in exchange for work– Experienced conflicts and financial Experienced conflicts and financial

difficultiesdifficulties– Ended only after a few yearsEnded only after a few years

• ShakerShaker– Called this because they shook with Called this because they shook with

emotion during church servicesemotion during church services– Vowed not marry or have childrenVowed not marry or have children– Shared goods with each other and Shared goods with each other and

believed that men and women were believed that men and women were equalequal

– Refused to fight for any reasonRefused to fight for any reason– Farmed and built simple furnitureFarmed and built simple furniture– Depended on converts and adopting Depended on converts and adopting

children to keep their communities children to keep their communities goinggoing

SECTION QUESTIONSSECTION QUESTIONS

• How did the Second Great How did the Second Great Awakening Awakening influence the reform movement?influence the reform movement?

• • • How did labor unions try to force How did labor unions try to force business owners to improve working business owners to improve working conditions?conditions?

• • • What were women’s contributions What were women’s contributions to the reform movement?to the reform movement?

SECTION 4SECTION 4ABOLITION AND ABOLITION AND WOMEN’S RIGHTSWOMEN’S RIGHTS

ABOLITIONISTSABOLITIONISTS

• People who led the movement to end People who led the movement to end slaveryslavery

• David WalkerDavid Walker– Wrote a pamphlet urging slaves to revoltWrote a pamphlet urging slaves to revolt– Heard life was in danger – died mysteriouslyHeard life was in danger – died mysteriously

• William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison– Published abolitionist newspaper called Published abolitionist newspaper called The The

LiberatorLiberator– Boston mob tried to hang but mayor stoppedBoston mob tried to hang but mayor stopped

• Grimke SistersGrimke Sisters– Believed that slavery was morally Believed that slavery was morally

wrongwrong– Joined Quakers and American Joined Quakers and American

Anti-Slavery SocietyAnti-Slavery Society– Spoke out for abolition even Spoke out for abolition even

though they were criticized for it.though they were criticized for it.

• Frederick DouglassFrederick Douglass– Career as a lecturer for the Career as a lecturer for the

Massachusetts Anti-Slavery SocietyMassachusetts Anti-Slavery Society– Published a autobiography to prove his Published a autobiography to prove his

life as a slavelife as a slave– On return from a two year speaking tour On return from a two year speaking tour

he brought his freedom and began he brought his freedom and began publishing an antislavery newspaperpublishing an antislavery newspaper

• Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth– Started life as slave but went to Started life as slave but went to

live with Quakers who set her live with Quakers who set her freefree

– Helped her win court battle to Helped her win court battle to win young son from slaverywin young son from slavery

– Went out to declare truth to the Went out to declare truth to the people and drew huge crowds in people and drew huge crowds in the Norththe North

• Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman– One of the most famous conductors One of the most famous conductors

of the underground railroadof the underground railroad– She escaped and make 19 She escaped and make 19

dangerous trips on the underground dangerous trips on the underground railroadrailroad

– Carried a pistol to frighten slave Carried a pistol to frighten slave hunters and medicine to quiet hunters and medicine to quiet crying babiescrying babies

UNDERGROUND RAILROADUNDERGROUND RAILROAD

• An aboveground series of escape routes An aboveground series of escape routes from the South to the Northfrom the South to the North

• Was not underground or an actual railroadWas not underground or an actual railroad• Traveled on foot, wagons, boats and Traveled on foot, wagons, boats and

trains.trains.• Usually traveled by night and hid by day Usually traveled by night and hid by day

in places called stationsin places called stations• Stables, attics and cellars all served as Stables, attics and cellars all served as

stations.stations.

WOMEN REFORMERSWOMEN REFORMERS

• World Anti-slavery ConventionWorld Anti-slavery Convention– Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady

Stanton went to attendStanton went to attend– Were not allowed to enter the Were not allowed to enter the

convention because they were women – convention because they were women – not allowed to speak in publicnot allowed to speak in public

– Had to sit behind heavy curtain and Had to sit behind heavy curtain and William Lloyd Garrisons joined themWilliam Lloyd Garrisons joined them

• Women’s rights in 1800Women’s rights in 1800– Few legal or political rightsFew legal or political rights– Could not vote, sit on juries or hold Could not vote, sit on juries or hold

public officepublic office– Laws treated women as childrenLaws treated women as children– Most states husband controlled any Most states husband controlled any

property wife inherited and any wages property wife inherited and any wages she might earn.she might earn.

• Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention– Women’s right convention held by Women’s right convention held by

Stanton and MottStanton and Mott– Attracted men and womenAttracted men and women– Wrote a Declaration of Sentiments Wrote a Declaration of Sentiments

that declared all men and women that declared all men and women were equalwere equal

– All resolutions passed except for All resolutions passed except for suffrage – right to votesuffrage – right to vote

• Other CallsOther Calls– Sojourner Truth – gave speech that urged Sojourner Truth – gave speech that urged

men to give women their rightsmen to give women their rights– Maria MitchellMaria Mitchell

•Founded Association for the Advancement of Founded Association for the Advancement of womenwomen

•An astronomer who discovered a cometAn astronomer who discovered a comet

•Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences – first womanSciences – first woman

– Susan B. AnthonySusan B. Anthony•Skilled organizer who worked in the Skilled organizer who worked in the

temperance and antislavery movementstemperance and antislavery movements

•Built women’s movement into a national Built women’s movement into a national organizationorganization

SECTION QUESTIONSSECTION QUESTIONS

• Why were freedom of speech and freedom Why were freedom of speech and freedom of the press important to the abolitionist of the press important to the abolitionist movement?movement?

• • • What were Frederick Douglass’s What were Frederick Douglass’s contributions to the abolitionist movement?contributions to the abolitionist movement?

• • • What were Elizabeth Cady Stanton’sWhat were Elizabeth Cady Stanton’scontributions to the women’s rights contributions to the women’s rights movement?movement?