chapter 131415 biodiversity - university of idaho · biogeography 15 prof. j. hicke current...
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Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 1
actual observations
derived chloropleth map
Mapping Biogeographic Distributions
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 2
Finer resolution mapping
reveals discontinuous populations or individuals that
are hidden by coarse-resolution maps
Mapping Biogeographic Distributions
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 3
Biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 4
Species-Area Curve
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 5
Species-Area Curve
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 6 Lomolino et al., 2006
Geographic patterns of biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 7
S at higher elevations is less than that of S at lower elevations
Geographic patterns of biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 8
atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/carto_corner/eckert.gif/image_view
Large area in tropics allow for greater S
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 9
efc.muskie.usm.maine.edu/Landscape_Ecology_for_Planners_files/slide0061_image078.jpg
Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 10
Where is biodiversity highest?
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 11
Predator controls on biodiversity
Artificial exclusion experiments:
Prey species before: 15
Prey species after: 8
Smith and Smith, 2006
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 12
Increases in diversity
with increasing
evapotranspiration (as
an indicator of net
primary production or
energy available for
supporting life)
Causes behind patterns of biodiversity
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 13
Lomolino et al., 2006
Historical Human-Caused Extinctions
• Why the earlier extinctions on islands?
• Why the decline in extinctions in more recent years?
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 14
Chapin et al., 2000; Pimm et al., 1995
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 15
Current Extinctions
• extinction rate is 100-1000 times greater
currently than in the geologic past (Pimm et al., 1995)
• at the current rate, 1/2 of all species will
be extinct in 100 years (Wilson, 2002)
• if all species currently “threatened”
become extinct in next 100 years, extinction rates will be 10x current rates
(Pimm et al., 1995)
• regions of endemism dominate extinctions
(Pimm et al., 1995)
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:ExtinctDodoBird.jpeg
upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Ectopistes_migratoriusMCN2P28CA.jpg
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 16
Range Collapse
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 17
Pereira and Cooper, 2006; Ceballos and Ehrlich, 2002
Range Collapse
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 18 Lomolino et al., 2006
Range collapse + lower populations => increased probability of extinction
Range size effects
large ranges buffer against localized extreme events
Population size effects
smaller size: more vulnerable to
chance events
Extreme/chance events: virus, hurricane, meteor impact, etc.
Range Collapse
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 19
Lomolino et al., 2006
Why are extinctions occurring?
Plants: Causes of endangerment
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 20
Lomolino et al., 2006
Why are extinctions occurring?
Biogeography Prof. J. Hicke 21 Lomolino et al., 2006
Species-Area Curves and Extinctions