chapter 13 organic chemistry - bakersfield college scienc… · · 2011-04-07chapter 13 organic...

4/7/2011

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Chapter 13 Organic ChemistryChapter 13 Organic ChemistryChapter 13 Organic ChemistryChapter 13 Organic Chemistry

•13-1. Carbon Bonds

•13-2. Alkanes

•13-3. Petroleum Products

•13-4. Structural Formulas

•13-5. Isomers

•13-6. Unsaturated

Hydrocarbons

•13-7. Benzene

•13-8. Hydrocarbon Groups

•13-9. Functional Groups

•13-10. Polymers

•13-11. Carbohydrates

•13-12. Photosynthesis

•13-13. Lipids

•13-14. Proteins

•13-15 Soil Nitrogen

•13-16. Nucleic Acids

•13-17. Origin of Life1

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Organic chemistryOrganic chemistryOrganic chemistryOrganic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon

compounds; inorganic chemistryinorganic chemistryinorganic chemistryinorganic chemistry is the chemistry

of compounds of all elements other than carbon.

The general properties of carbon compounds are:

1. Most carbon compounds are non-electrolytes.

2. The reaction rates of carbon compounds are usually slow.

3. Many carbon compounds oxidize slowly in air but rapidly if heated.

4. Most carbon compounds are unstable at high temperatures.

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13131313----3.3.3.3. Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsFractional distillation

Catalytic crackingModern cracking uses zeolites as the

catalyst.

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Polymerization-the making of plastics

Vinyl

13131313----3.3.3.3. Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum Products

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13131313----3.3.3.3. Petroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum ProductsPetroleum Products

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13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural Formulas

Alkanes or Hydrocarbons

Methane 1 carbon

Ethane 2 carbons

Propane 3 carbons

Butane 4 carbons

Pentane 5 carbons

Hexane 6 carbons

Heptane 7 carbons

Octane 8 carbons

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Table 13.1

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13131313----4.4.4.4. Structural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasStructural FormulasFunctional Groups

Alkenes

Ethene 2 carbons

Propene 3 carbons

Butene 4 carbons

Pentene 5 carbons

Hexene 6 carbons

Heptene 7 carbons

Octene 8 carbons

Alkynes

Acetylene 2 carbons

Propyne 3 carbons

Butyne 4 carbons

Pentyne 5 carbons

Hexyne 6 carbons

Heptyne 7 carbons

Octyne 9 carbons

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Fig. 13.9, etc.

Acetylene

gas welding

and cutting.

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Alcohols

Ethanol 2 carbons

Propanol 3 carbons

Butanol 4 carbons

Pentanol 5 carbons

Hexanole 6 carbons

Heptanol 7 carbons

Octanol 8 carbons


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Ethersoxygen in the middle

AldehydesDouble bond “O” with “H” on end


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KetonesDouble bond “O” in middle


Carboxylic AcidsDouble bond “O” with “OH”

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AminesNH2 on end


EstersDouble bond “O” with “O” both in middle

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Table 13.2

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13-5. Isomers

Optical Isomers Structural Isomers

13-6. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Unsaturated compounds have double or

triple carbon-carbon bonds and are more

reactive than saturated compounds,

which have only single carbon-carbon

bonds (alkanes and similar compounds).

http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educm

at/chm19104/isomers/intro.htm

http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/educmat/ch

m19104/isomers/stereoisomers/index.htm

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13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene 13.7 Benzene Aromatic compounds

Aliphatic compounds are organic compounds that

do not contain benzene rings. 16

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13-10 Polymers

A polymer is a long chain of simple

molecules (monomers) linked together.

Polymers that contain the vinyl group are classed as vinyls. Some examples of

polymers include Styrofoam, Teflon, Orlon,

and Plexiglas (or Lucite). Plexiglas is thermoplastic, meaning it softens and can be shaped when heated but becomes rigid

again on cooling..

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Table 13.3

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13-10 Polymers

.A copolymer is a polymer that consists of

two different monomers. Dynel and Saran

Wrap are examples. Certain monomers that contain two double bonds in each molecule

form flexible, elastic polymers called

elastomers; rubber and neoprene are examples. Polyamides and polyesters are polymers produced by chemical reactions

rather than by the polymerization of monomers.

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13-10 Polymers

.Teflon is polymer with a strong bond between

carbon and fluorine atoms. It is used as a no-

stick surface in cookware.

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13131313----11.11.11.11. CarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydratesCarbohydrates

D-Allose D-Altrose D-Glucose D-Mannose D-Gulose D-Idose D-Galactose D-Talose

D-Glucose(an aldose)

α-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose β-D-Glucose(chair form)

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Sucrose Lactose Maltose

13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides

Amylopectin 22

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Cellulose in wood is extracted and converted to

paper at this plant in Maine. Microorganisms in the stomachs of cows help them digest cellulose in plants.

13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides13.11 Polysaccharides

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13.12 Photosynthesis13.12 Photosynthesis13.12 Photosynthesis13.12 Photosynthesis

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13.12 Photosynthesis13.12 Photosynthesis13.12 Photosynthesis13.12 Photosynthesis

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13131313----13.13.13.13. LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

Saturated and

Unsaturated Fatty Acid 26

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13131313----13.13.13.13. LipidsLipidsLipidsLipids

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13131313----14.14.14.14. ProteinsProteinsProteinsProteins

The polypeptide chain forms a backbone structure

in proteins:

On first inspection, this structure appears to be

connected entirely by single C-C or C-N bonds. It

should therefore be as flexible as a simple

hydrocarbon chain.

Note that flexing in a covalent structure does not

occur by bending bonds, and the normal

tetrahedral or trigonal planar bond angles are

maintained. Instead, different shapes are obtained

by torsional rotation about the axis of the bonds:

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13131313----15 Soil Nitrogen15 Soil Nitrogen15 Soil Nitrogen15 Soil Nitrogen

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13131313----16. Nucleic Acids16. Nucleic Acids16. Nucleic Acids16. Nucleic Acids

. Chromosomes consist of DNA molecules. Changes in the sequence of the bases in a DNA molecule can result in a mutation.

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13131313----17171717. Origin of LifeOrigin of LifeOrigin of LifeOrigin of Life

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What is the primary product we get from

oil?

2. Give an example of an alcohol.

3. What would be the name of an alkane

with 8 carbons?

4. What is another name for sugars?

5. Give an example of a polysaccharide.

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What is the primary product we get from oil? gasoline

2. Give an example of an alcohol. CH3OH

3. What would be the name of an alkane with 8 carbons? octane

4. What is another name for sugars? carbohydrates

5. Give an example of a polysaccharide. Cellulose, starch, sucrose or table sugar

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What are 3 products we get from oil?

2. Give an example of a polymer.

3. What would be the name of an alkane

with 4 carbons?

4. What is another name for carbohydrates?

5. Give an example of a lipid.

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Lecture Quiz 13

1. What are 3 products we get from oil?

2. Give an example of a polymer.

3. What would be the name of an alkane with 4 carbons? butane

4. What is another name for carbohydrates? sugars

5. Give an example of a lipid. soap, cholesterol

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chapter 13 organic chemistry - bakersfield college scienc… · · 2011-04-07chapter 13 organic...

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