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CHAPTER 13: EVOLUTION AND NATURAL SELECTION Lecture 07

Charles Darwin: HMS Beagle expedition, Galapagos, “On the Origin of Species”

Evolution: evidence for evolution in fossil record (transitional forms)

Homologous structures

Be able to read an evolutionary tree (Ex: Lecture07 slide 10 - name all types of

organisms on the tree that have an amnion)

Genetic variation: how does it relate to evolution/natural selection

Define a population’s gene pool

5 Mechanisms of evolution: understand and have examples handy

Bottleneck and founder effect

Natural selection

Adaptations

sexual selection (sexual dimorphism)

Stabilizing, directional and disruptive selection (define and have examples handy)

Heterozygote advantage

Artificial selection

Superbugs

VIDEO: “The Five Fingers of Evolution”

CHAPTER 14: BIOLOGICAL SPECIES AND SPECIATION Lecture 08_01

Biological species

Speciation

How are species maintained (i.e. hybrids deterred)

pre-zygotic barriers to interbreeding

pre-zygotic barriers to interbreeding

Mechanisms of speciation: allopatric vs. sympatric

Adaptive radiation

Hybrids, hybrid zones and outcomes of hybrid zones

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CHAPTER 15: ORIGIN OF LIFE Lecture 08_01 & Lecture 08_02

Hypothesis for life from abiotic synthesis; what was the first life like?

Geological record: definition and uses

Theory of plate tectonics (and diagram of eath’s core, manthle and crust that I drew on

the chalkboard)

Continental drift

Extinctions

Adaptive radiations

Cretacean extinction

Evidence for a current 6th mass extinction

Homeotic genes and development

Exaptations

Taxonomy: King Phillip Came Over From Greece Singing

Genus species (Ex: Homo sapiens)

analogies vs. homologies

Molecular systematics and genome sequencing

CHAPTER 17: PLANT & FUNGAL EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY Lecture 09_01

Land plant ancestor

Alternation of generations (plant life cycle)

Spores, sporangia, gametophyte, sporophyte, sperm, egg

Order of evolution, traits, life history, reproduction, habitats, adaptations for land (or

lack of adaptations) for:

Mosses, Ferns, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms (Nonvascular, Seedless Vascular and

Seeded vascular plants)

The carboniferous period

Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms

Stigma, ovary, carpel, stamen, ovule, fruit

Pollination vs. fertilization

Types of pollination strategies

Fungal ancestor

How do fungi reproduce (which is the reproductive structure)

Hyphae, mycelium

Fungal food strategies (parasite vs decomposer vs symbiont explain and give

examples)

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CHAPTER 18: INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY Lecture 09_01_ 09_02

Common ancestor of all invertebrates

Radial vs. bilateral symmetry

Ventral vs. dorsal and anterior vs posterior

Order of evolution, traits: true tissues, radial symmetry etc.

Animal development

deuterostomes vs. protostomes

Features of major invertebrate phyla

Ecdysis

Evolutionary adaptations of insects

Ecosystem services of invertebrates

VIDEO: “How Parasites Change Their Hosts Behavior”

CHAPTER 19: VERTEBRATE DIVERSITY Lecture 11_01

Order of evolution, traits, , adaptations for land (or lack of adaptations) for:

Craniates, jawed vertebrates, ray finned fishes, bony fishes, lobed finned fishes,

tetrapods, amniotes, mammals

Monotremes vs marsupials vs eutherians

Evolution and traits of primates leading to humans

Apes vs. humans

Hominins

Genus Australopithecus vs. Genus Homo

Homo erectus vs. Homo neanderthalensis vs. Homo sapiens

VIDEO: “The Coelacanth: A living fossil of a fish”

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CHAPTER 34&36: BIOMES AND POPULATION ECOLOGY Lecture 10_02

Cause of regional vs. seasonal climate

Ocean habitats: intertidal, photic, aphotic, benthic, pelagic, continental shelf

Estuaries vs wetlands

Freshwater biomes

Geographic distribution (i.e. polar vs tropical vs temperate and only northern or only

southern hemisphere) and traits of biomes from lecture

Population ecology: density, dispersion patterns

bioaccumulation

Be able to understand a life table and calculate survival knowing population size and

death rate

Type I vs type II vs Type III survival w/ examples

Exponential vs logistical growth

Density dependence vs. density independence (examples)

Trends in human population : explain the demographic transition we are going through

VIDEO “Hans Rosling on Global Population Growth”

CHAPTER 37: COMMUNITIES AND ECOSYSTEMS Lecture 11_01

Competition vs. mutualism vs predation vs herbivory vs parasitism

Coevolution

Trophic structure

Understand food webs and the role of each trophic level in sustaining a balanced

ecosystem

direct vs. indirect effects in food webs (zebra example)

species diversity = richness + relative abundance (be able to calculate richness and

relative abundance given a picture of a community!)

Why is diversity important?

Keystone species (seastar example)

Primary ecological succession vs Secondary ecological succession

Affects of invasive species (w/ examples)

Abiotic reservoirs for P, C and N

Why P, C and N are important in ecosystems

Energy flow in food webs

Sources of N in ecosystems

Eutrophication

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VIDEO “Rethinking Progress”

CHAPTER 38: CONSERVATION BIOLOGY Lecture 11_02

Ecosystem vs species vs genetic diversity

Threats to biodiversity (in order of importance)

Effects of habitat loss

Effects of invasive species

Effects of overharvesting

Effects of pollution

Summarize global climate change: what is it? How can it affect biodiversity?

Indicators of climate change

Effects of climate change

Spp. Susceptibility to climate change

Conservation biology at spp. Vs. ecosystem level

Movement corridors, protected areas, marine protected areas, y2y

Grey wolf conservation past to present

Restoration ecology (types and examples)

VIDEO: “Why is biodiversity so important?”

SUMMARY OF PAST CHECK-INS FOR YOUR REVIEWING PLEASURE:

How are closely related species prevented from interbreeding? Give an example.

What are “Superbugs” and how can you prevent their populations from increasing?

What is the difference between a homology and an analogy?

How did the evolution of a vascular system (xylem and phloem) allow plants to better

adapt to life on land?

Insects make up 75% of the animal kingdom. Why are insects so successful?

Population growth occurs when birth rates exceed death rates. Give an example of how

density dependence can affect birth or death rates. Describe how this can affect

population growth.

Based on the concepts of succession and food webs, describe the types of plants and

animals you would expect to see in the recently burned area of SB after 1 year and after

20 years.

Are organisms with type I or type III more susceptible to extinction due to global climate

change? Explain why.