Chapter 13Chapter 13

Comparative Aspects of Feeding, Comparative Aspects of Feeding, Digestion, and MetabolismDigestion, and Metabolism

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Figure 13-1 Some neural and endocrine factors affecting feeding behavior in teleost fishes. See text for explanation and Appendix A for abbreviations. (Adapted with permission from Volkoff, H. et al., General and Comparative Endocrinology, 142, 3–19, 2005.)

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Figure 13-2 Cladogram of the chordate CCK/gastrin family. Based on preprohormone sequences. Three CCK variants are produced in rainbow trout with different substitutions at position 6 at the Cterminal end (represented by the single letters for the amino acids substituted for methionine; see Appendix C for names of amino acids). (Adapted with permission from Johnsen, A.H., Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 19, 73–99, 1998.)

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Figure 13-3 Phylogeny of some glucagon, GLPs, and GIP genes. Multiple genes are known to exist in some species. Abbreviations: Dr, zebrafish; Ec, horse; Gg, chicken; Hs, human; Mm, mouse; Pm, sea lamprey; Rn, rat; Ss, pig; Xl, Xenopus. (Adapted with permission from Musson, M.C. et al., Regulatory Peptides, 171, 26–34, 2011.)

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Figure 13-4 Comparison of amino acid sequences of some vertebrate VIPs. Few substitutions have been made in the molecule through its long evolutionary history from fishes to mammals. (Adapted with permission from Wang, Y. and Conlon, J.M., General and Comparative Endocrinology, 98, 94–101, 1995.)

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Figure 13-5 Islet tissues of hagfish and lamprey. (A) Follicles of islet tissue surrounding the lower bile duct from the hagfish Eptatretus burgeri. (B) Islet located in intestinal submucosa of the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus). (Photographs courtesy of August Epple, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.)

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Figure 13-6 Pancreas of dogfish Scyliohrinus canicula. These primitive islets (arrows) consist of endocrine cells surrounding a small unstained ductile of the exocrine pancreas. (Photograph courtesy of August Epple, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.)

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Figure 13-7 B cells in a toad. The presence of insulin is indicated by the light fluorescence. The dark area immediately surrounding the B cells consists mostly of A cells with a few D cells. (Photograph courtesy of August Epple, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.)

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Figure 13-8 Avian cell types in the pancreas. (a–b) Colocalization of IGF1 and Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) in pancreas of Japanese quail. (c–d) Colocalization of IGF-1 and somatostatin (SOM) in D cells of Japanese quail. (e–f) Colocalization of IGF-I and SOM in D cells of the domestic chicken. (Reprinted with permission from Reinecke, M. et al., General and Comparative Endocrinology, 100, 385–396, 1995.)

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Figure 13-9 Phylogeny of IGF-1 receptor genes in vertebrates. (Adapted with permission from Herna´ndez-Sa´nchez, C. et al., Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1043–1053, 2008.)

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Figure 13-10 Evolution of the insulin receptor gene (Ir). (Adapted with permission from Herna´ndez- Sa´nchez, C. et al., Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1043–1053, 2008.)

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Figure 13-11 Presence of insulin-related orphan receptor genes (Irr) in some tetrapods. (Adapted with permission from Hernández-Sánchez, C. et al., Molecular Biology and Evolution, 25, 1043–1053, 2008.)

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Figure 13-12 Comparison of amino acid sequences for pancreatic polypeptide (PP). There is considerable homology within a taxonomic group. Note the similarity between avian and alligator PPs that reflects their evolutionary closeness. The African bullfrog PP exhibits sequences similar to both mammals and the archosaurs. See Appendix C for explanation of the amino acid abbreviations.

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Figure 13-13 Phylogenetic relations for avian preproinsulin gene. (Adapted with permission from Simon, J. et al., Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 30, 755e766, 2004.)

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