chapter 13 a ocean basins
TRANSCRIPT
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CHAPTER 13 A
OCEAN BASINS
P H Y S I CA L S
C I EN C E
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Oceans- Vast bodies of salt water that
separate the continents.- They cover about 71% of the earth’s
surface and hold over 97% of all the water on the planet.
- Absorbs sun’s heat, making earth’s climate more uniform compared to other planets
- Home to animal and plant life- -Most of the oxygen in our
atmosphere comes from photosynthetic organisms living in the oceans
- We need to exercise good and wise dominion of the ocean
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Scientists who study the ocean• Oceanographers• - marine scientists and engineers who work to better
understand and use the ocean• Marine biologists• -investigate the plant and animal life in the ocean• Meteorologist• - study the influence of the oceans on weather and climate• Chemists• -analyze the distribution of various elements and
compounds in the oceans and the ways those chemicals affect ocean processes
• Physicists• -model the distribution of energy in the oceans and the
motion of its great currents• Marine Engineers• -develop methods and vehicles to investigate and use
oceans, design ways to produce potable water and electricity from seawater. 13.1
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Ocean Basins• One ocean• Four major basins• Arctic, Atlantic, Indian,
Pacific • Sea• - large section of ocean
mostly surrounded by land or islands 13.2
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Ocean Basins• Origin of the oceans• Old-earth view• - believe that oceans have been here
from very early in Earth’s history, that the ocean basins are just the result of plate tectonics over billions of years.
• -The current Atlantic, Indian & Arctic Ocean basins began forming 300 million years ago
• The Pacific Ocean basin is all that remain from an earlier global sea, Panthalassa 13.3
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• Young-earth view• Believe that the earth
began as a water planet, with a single supercontinent created by God on Day 2.
• Supercontinent wrenched apart at Flood around 5500 years ago resulting to the shapes and sizes of the present day ocean basins
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• Local sea level• Always changing height of
the ocean surface at a given location
• Measured by Tide gauge• Zero point for gauge
positioned at imaginary surface of mathematical model of the earth called
• Geoid
13.4
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• Mean sea level (MSL)• - what most people
simply call “sea level”• -computed average
height of high and low tides at a location
• Zero height used to measure elevation
• Changes over time• Risen during past 100
years 13.4
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Basin Topography• Shore• -strip of land that
separates the coastal regions from the ocean.
13.5
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• Beaches• -ever-changing place that
extends underwater beyond the shore
• Shoreline• -edge of the water at any
given time.
13.5
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• Berm• - area where only the highest
tides or storm waves can reach, usually has soft, coarse sand or large cobbles
• Beach face• - zone between the high and low
tide shorelines; may have wet, compact sand or fine pebbles.
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• Longshore sandbar• - shallow bottom of the
beach beyond the low water shoreline
• Longshore trough• - dug by the breaking
action of the waves
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13.5
• Continental shelf• Submerged edges of
continental plates• Varies in width
• Continental slope• Steeper incline from the lip
of the continental shelf into the deep ocean basins
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• Submarine canyon• -complex underwater erosional
feature often found in continental slope
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• Continental rise• Smooth
transition from continental slope to the deep, relatively flat ocean floor
• Turbidity currents
• Underwater landslides 13.5
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• Abyssal plain• Relatively
flat, deep sea floor
• Sediments cover it with varying thickness
13.5
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Tectonic features• Mid-ocean ridges• Submerged mountain ranges at
the margins of diverging tectonic plates; formed when the mantle pushed up on long faulted sections of sea floor crust. Most lie within fracture zones
13.6
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• Seamounts• Submerged volcanoes &
hills• Guyots• Flat top volcanoes
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• Trenches• -deep notch in the ocean floor
formed when oceanic plates slid below continental plates in convergent subduction zones
• Challenger Deep –deepest point in any ocean, was found in the Mariana Trench in the western Pacific
13.6
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Island arcs- long, curved strings of volcanic island
Coral reefs- Accumulated skeletal material, an underwater ridge,
formed from coral colonies that excrete rock –like calcium carbonate support structure or skeleton; can become islands when sea level changed.
Fringing reefs- Coral reefs that grow right up to the beach along a
coastlineBarrier reefs-farther from the land, form a lagoon between the reef and the landAtoll-a ring of low coral islands and reefs surrounding a central lagoon.
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