Jewel GamsbyCHAPTER 13: WESTWARD EXPANSION AND EVENTS TO THE CIVIL WARJohn L. OSullivan - A democratic editor who advocated for American expansion and named the Manifest Destiny movement Sam Houston - Was the General of a small force which defeated the Mexican army during the Battle of San Jacinto, he captured Santa Anna as prisonerWilmot Proviso - Representative of Pennsylvania, an anti-slavery Democrat who introduced an amendment to the appropriation bill prohibiting slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico, he passed the House but failed in the SenatePopular Sovereignty - A plan originally called squatter sovereignty, allowed people of each territory, through their legislature, to decide their own status of slavery Ostend Manifesto - (1854) A private document from Ostend, Belgium; made the case for seizing Cuba by Force; sent to Pierce1. How much territory did the United States acquire in the 1840s and by 1850 how did it compare to the present-day?More than a million square miles; by 1850, all present day territories were acquired except Alaska.2. What was Manifest Destiny and how was it justified?Manifest Destiny was the idea that Gods plan was for America to expand its boundaries from coast to coast. It was justified by insisting that American expansion was to bring liberty to new levels. 3. Which technological, literary development spread the gospel of Manifest Destiny?The Penny Press, an inexpensive newspaper f a mass audience.4. Which Americans tended to go to Texas? How many were there by 1830?Immigrants; By 1830, there were about 7,000 Americans living in Texas5. How did Mexico change its immigration policy in 1826 and what was the result? How many Americans were there by 1835?6. Mexico forbade American immigration into Mexican territory. Over 30,000 Americans had settled in the Texas territory.7. Who was Santa Anna and how did his actions accelerate tensions?A dictator in the mid-1830s; He passed a new law that increased the powers of the national government of Mexico and decreased that of the state governments. Texans from the US assumed Santa Anna was aiming these new laws specifically at them.8. What did Anglo-Texans do in 1836?Anglo-Texans proclaimed their independence from Mexico.9. What did the Texans achieve at the Battle of San Jacinto?The Mexican amry was defeated and Santa Anna was captured. Anna signed a treaty consenting to the independence of Texas. 10. How did the Tejanos fare after Texas won independence?The Americans drove many of them out of the new republic. Most settled for a politically and economically subordinate status.11. Why did Northerners oppose the annexation of Texas?They didnt want to gain a large new slave territory, others opposed increasing the southern votes in Congress and in the electoral college.12. What was the Oregon Territory?The present states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, parts of Montana and Wyoming, and half of British Columbia. 13. What happened to the population of Oregon in the 1840s?White Americans began emigrating to Oregon in the early 1840s, and they soon outnumbered the British settlers there. 14. How many American migrants went west between 1840 and 1860?Hundreds of thousands of white and black Americans migrated into far western regions.15. What was the major route to the west?The Oregon Trail, which was 2000 miles long.16. What was the result of the election of 1844? Which sentiments seemed to have won out?Polk won the election by 170 electoral votes to 105; Sentiment for annexation 17. How did Texas enter the Union and how was Oregon annexed? Did the U.S. get the entire territory?The president won congressional approval in February 1845, and Texas became a state that September. All Oregon territory above the 49th parallel went to Britain.18. What was Mexicos reaction to the annexation of Texas?When the US admitted Texas to statehood in 1845, the Mexican government broke diplomatic relations with Washington.19. What were Polks intentions concerning California?President Polk aimed to gain both New Mexico and California for the US.20. What incident gave the U.S. a reason to declare war on Mexico? How accurate was Polks statement: War exists by the act of Mexico herself.Mexican leaders rejected Americas offer to purchase the disputed territories. The statement was not accurate. For months the Mexicans refused to fight.21. How did Zachary Taylor do in northern Mexico? Why did Polk fear Taylor?Zachary Taylor and other American forces did well against the Mexicans. Polk feared that, if successful, Taylor would become political competition.22. How did Winfield Scott bring the war to a close?Winfield Scott had an army that never numbered more than 14,000, he kept American casualties low and never lost a battle.23. What was agreed to in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo?Mexico agreed to cede California and New Mexico to the US and acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas. In return, the US promised to assume any financial claims its new citizens had against Mexico and to pay the Mexicans $15 million.24. What did the ardent expansionist want concerning Mexico?They wanted the annexation of All Mexico!25. Why did the Mexican War trigger sectional debate?Anti-expansionists claimed that the expansionists were conspiring to extend slavery. 26. What gave rise to the Free Soil Party in 1848 and what accounts for its relative success?Opponents of slavery found the presidential candidates unsatisfying, thereby creating the new Free-Soil Party, which drew from the existing Liberty Party and the antislavery wings of the Whig and Democratic Parties. The Free-Soilers elected 10 members to Congress. 27. How did the Gold Rush affect the non-Indian population of California?Californias non-Indian population increased nearly twenty-fold in four years from 14,000 in 1848 to over 220,000 in 1852.28. Why did California society become so volatile as the Forty-Niners came rushing in? (definitely not a football question)Many of the 49ers were men, and the society they created on their arrival was unusually volatile because of the absence of women, children, and families.29. How did the Gold Rush affect the Indian population?The Native American population of California declined from 150,000 to 30,000 between the 1850s and 1870s.30. What was the population of San Francisco before and after the Gold Rush?San Franciscos population before the gold rush had been 1,000. By 1856, SF was the home of over 50,000 people.31. Why were southerners opposed to California and other states entering the Union as free states?The emergence of personal liberty laws in northern states, which barred courts and police officers from helping to return runaway slaves to their owners and fear that 2 new free states would be added to the northern majority. 32. What were the four parts of Clays Compromise of 1850?Admission of CA as a free state; the formation of territorial governments in the rest of the lands acquired from Mexico, without restrictions on slavery; The abolition of the slave trade, but not slavery itself, in the District of Columbia; A new and more effective fugitive slave law33. How did national leadership change in the months during which the provisions of the Compromise of 1850 were debated?A group consisting of William H. Seward of New York, Jefferson Davis of Mississippi, and Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois emerged.34. Why did the Whig Party go into a steep decline?Many antislavery members were angered by the partys non confrontational approach.35. Why did the Fugitive Slave Act fail?Several northern states also passed their own laws barring the deportation of fugitive slaves and mobs formed in some northern cities to prevent enforcement of the law.36. What was the Young America movement? Why did attempts at expansion and further annexation fail? The Young America movement saw the expansion of American democracy throughout the world as a way to divert attention from the controversies over slavery; Attempts at expansion and further annexation failed because the nations domain could not avoid becoming entangled with the sectional crisis.37. How did the proposed transcontinental railroad become a sectional issue?Dilemma of where to place the transcontinental railroad; Northerners favored Chicago; Southerners supported St. Louis, Memphis, or New Orleans.38. How did the Kansas-Nebraska propose to settle the issue of slavery? What was its most controversial element?Popular Sovereignty; He also agreed to divide the area into 2 territories, Nebraska and Kansas.39. What happened to the Whig Party and what led to the rise of the Republican Party?The Kansas-Nebraska Act divided and destroyed the Whig Party, which nearly disappeared by 1856.Northern Democrats were divided, and many of them were driven from the party. 40. Which governments were created in Kansas? What was the sack of Lawrence?

41. What did John Brown do in Kansas?After the events in Lawrence, John Brown gathered six followers (including four of his sons), and in one night murdered five pro-slavery settlers, leaving their mutilated bodies to discourage other supporters of slavery from entering Kansas. This event became known as the Pottawatomie Massacre.42. What was the Brooks/Sumner incident and how did the two sections react to it?Sumner gave an upsetting speech that included negative references to Andrew P. Butler. Butlers nephew proceeded to beat Sumner with a cane, preventing Sumner from returning to Senate for 4 years. The North viewed him as a hero-a martyr to the barbarism of the South. In the South, Preston Brooks became a hero.43. Why did most northerners oppose the expansion of slavery?Most white northerners came to believe that the existence of slavery was dangerous not because of what it did to blacks but because of what it threatened to do to whites. All citizens had a right to own property, control their own labor, and have access to opportunities for advancement.44. What was the slave power conspiracy?The South was engaged in a conspiracy to extend slavery throughout the nation and thus to destroy the openness of northern capitalism and replace it with the closed, aristocratic system of the South.45. Which three events and developments hardened the attitudes of the pro-slavery people?The Nat Turner uprising in 1831, which terrified southern whites and made them more determined than ever to make slavery secure; The expansion of the cotton economy into the Deep South, which made slavery unprecedentedly lucrative; The growth of the Garrisonian abolitionist movement, with its strident attacks on southern society46. What was the Souths primary criticism of the North?White southerners looked at the North and saw a spirit of greed, debauchery, and instability. 47. How did Republican presidential candidate John Fremont do in the election of 1856 and why was it significant?Buchanan won a narrow victory over Fremont and Fillmore.Fremont had attracted virtually no votes at all in the South while outpolling all other candidates in the North.48. What was the significance of the Dred Scott decision? How did the Republicans react?Republicans threatened that when they won control of the national government, they would reverse the decision--by packing the Court with new members.49. What was the controversy over the Lecompton Constitution?The Lecompton Constitution legalized slavery.A majority of the people of Kansas opposed slavery, and rejected the constitution by more than 10,000 votes. 50. What was Lincolns and the mainstream Republican argument against slavery? Was Lincoln an abolitionist?The nations future, he argued, rested on the spread of free labor. Though Lincoln believed slavery was morally wrong, he was not an abolitionist because he could not envision an easy alternative to slavery in the areas where it already existed.51. What happened at Harpers Ferry, Virginia in October of 1859?John Brown and a group of eighteen followers attacked and seized control of a US arsenal in Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He was quickly besieged in the arsenal by citizens, local militia companies, and, before long, US troops under the command of Robert E. Lee. 10 of his men were killed, causing Brown to surrender. He was then found guilty for treason against the state of Virginia, and sentenced to death.52. What conclusion did many southerners come to after Browns raid?White southerners were convinced that they could not live safely in the Union.53. What happened to the Democratic Party in 1860?The Democratic party was torn apart by a battle between southerners, who demanded a strong endorsement of slavery, and westerns, who supported the idea of popular sovereignty. 54. What fraction of the popular vote did Lincoln win in the presidential election of 1860?About two-fifths 55. What was the result of the election of Lincoln?The election became the final signal to many white southerners that their position in the Union was hopeless. Within a few weeks of Lincolns victory, the process of disunion began.